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Murum Dam Case Study - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Dam break
        
        Modelling indicates that a cascading failure of Murum and Bakun Dams would have a devastating impact on downstream and riverine environments.
      - Seismic
        
        There is a residual risk of seismic activity in the region that could destabilise construction materials or excavations at a time when they are more vulnerable to collapse than when the project is completed. This risk is not able to be totally mitigated in any practical way.
      - Sedimentation of reservoir
        
        The proposed activities in the upstream catchment have the potential to mobilise large quantities of soil which will be carried into, and stored in the reservoir. This can eventually reduce the active storage capacity of the reservoir, impacting the generating ability. Reduced active storage can also impact on the flood response capability of the reservoir, leading to higher incidence of spillway releases and potential impacts on dam safety. Mitigation relates to management of the land use in the catchment, which will help to reduce the impact.
      - Threat to the life of plants and animals in this area
        
        Terrestrial Fauna
        
        The project area is heavily disturbed by logging activities so that densities are quite low, especially in areas where logging operation is ongoing or stopped only very recently. As the water level rises, the animals will normally move to higher ground. Some territorial animals may be reluctant to leave their home range and may drown if not recued.
        
        Aquatic Life
        
        Effects on aquatic organisms will, very likely, be caused by water quality deterioration in respect of its suspended solid and turbidity, particularly at the dam site and powerhouse construction site. Siltation due to erosion from road building, construction work in the dam site, from machine park area and construction workers living area is anticipated.
        
        Flora
        
        Inundation of the existing vegetation in the reservoir will results in: 1) Loss of biodiversity; and 2) Loss and fragmentation of wildlife habitat
- - - - Presenting the proposed Resettlement Action Plan by the Sarawak State Government towards the seven communities that are directly affected by the Murum Hydro-Electric Power Project in Belaga, Sarawak
    - - The Proposal is made by the Sarawak State Government on the basis of the findings and recommendations of the SEIA Study on the Murum HEP Project.
      - The SEIA Study bases its recommendations on the key findings of the Contemporary Ethnography Study that provides understanding of the current style of living and livelihood of the directly affected communities.
    - - Sarawak Energy Berhad which is a holding company whose business is to develop the power and electricity sector in the State of Sarawak.
    - - The State Government as the Regulator has the job to ensure that the resettlement is done properly with net benefit of the directly affected communities and commercial viability to the Project Proponent.
      - The Government stepped in to ensure that the proposed Resettlement Action Plan for the Murum HEP Project is prepared to a satisfactory standard.
    - - The Project directly affects seven communities located in the river valleys of the Danum and Plieran Rivers in Belaga District of Kapit Division
      - At the end of August 2011, it was identified that about 1,304 people form Penan and 113 people of Kenyah Badeng was the directly affected communities in this project.
  - - - Six Penan communities and one Kenyah Badeng community are being directly affected by the Project and are eligible for resettlement.
    - - The Murum Penan households rely on their
        community ties to support each other through lean times when food is scarce.
        
        Sharing within the community defines the traditional way of Penan and their main reason for living together within their respective communities
    - - The communities live in relative isolation from each other with travelling distances of 30 minutes to 5 hours by road
    - - Average Penan household “income” is estimated at RM783 by imputing the nearest market prices to their output from the farm and the forest
        
        The cash-equivalent income is below the Sarawak official rural poverty line index of RM830 per month at the time of Study
        
        The average is RM102 for cash wages and RM54 for cash allowances, thus giving an average household cash income of RM156 per month
    - - Farming and forest based activities such as hunting, fishing and gathering of forest products are the economy of Murum Penan communities
        
        Because of their low farm productivity, they have a tendency to fall back on the forest for food and material needs
        
        They heavy reliance of land for survival means the Penan has a strong sense of territorial rights among themselves
        
        Penan communities move freely among each other’s territories, sharing each other’s resources mostly with tacit permission
        
        Land is the Penan’s major bargaining tool with outsiders. Outsiders are allowed to move through their territories so long as they are paid for the usage
        
        The Kenyah Badeng community at Long Malim have long been living a settled life centred on agriculture activities such as planting hill padi. Individual households within the longhouse claim territorial rights to the land they have cleared for hill paddy planting
    - - The communities generally farm on either side of the main rivers near their houses within a strip of half to a kilometre wide on the narrow leaves
        
        Hill rice farms are normally established within walking distance from the longhouses or along the riverbanks where the farm can be reached by small boats
        
        The farming area of a longhouse community could be as large as 4,000 hectares (20 kilometres x 2 kilometres)
        
        Hill padi farm sizes range from 0.4 hectare to 0.8 hectare, or an average of 0.6 hectare
        
        They seldom farm on the same plot every consecutive year, but rotate every 10 to 15 years to allow the soil to recover
        
        Many households have also planted fruit trees and other food crops
        
        Household would therefore require at least 14 hectares of land for food production and cash crop planting, of which 6 hectares to 8 hectares is land for swidden cultivation of hill rice with the balance for other cash and food crops
        
        Tapioca is the secondary staple, followed by sweet potatoes and yam. Vegetables grown include maize, pumpkin, cucumber, eggplant and others depending on availability of seeds
        
        Mixed cropping of food crops improves their food security
        
        Tobacco is also planted mainly for own consumption as the majority of Penan (men and women, young and old) smoke heavily
        
        Variety of fruit trees are planted, such as durian, rambutan, pulasan, terap, jackfruit and mata kucing
        
        The average rice production per year for the Kenyah Badeng of Long Malim is about four metric tons (some households with larger workforce can attain the level of six metric tons per year)
        
        The Penan have very little experience with livestock. Their attempts at keeping free-range chickens have not been successful, as the stock is often wiped out by disease
    - - Penan are learning to use cash increasingly as they consume more and relying more on the market for food and the modern items of life
        
        Other cash expenditures include transport and fuel for generators or outboard motors
        
        The Penan could obtain extra cash by selling the things they obtain from hunting, gathering of jungle products, farming, and gardening and things they make such as handicraft and other traditional crafts
        
        Wage employment is low, as fewer than 3% are employed by nearby timber companies or oil palm plantations
    - - Murum Penan communities are considered to be semi-nomadic in their normal way of life in the Contemporary Ethnography Report
        
        Murum Penan communities have traditionally been hunter-gatherers living off the nearby forests for their food and other resources
        
        Whenever their cultivation falls short of their daily requirements, their fallback is still the nearby forests
        
        Gathering, fishing and hunting activities in the forest supplement the food and income of the households
        
        A huge variety of plants are also exploited, including, ferns, palms, wild fruits and flowers, mushrooms and many others
        
        Murum Penan people are in transition from their traditional way of life of relying on the forest as a means of survival to a more cash economy with cash cropping and outside employment
    - - Education
        
        Murum communities go to the primary and secondary schools in Sungai Asap for their children’s education
        
        Total number of persons with some form of formal education and are deemed literate is 164 persons or 9.5% of the total population
        
        Travelling between the schools and the settlements is via the timber roads with transport assistance from the logging companies
      - Health Services
        
        Sarawak Health Department provides health care services to the Murum area through its Health Clinic at Sungai Asap
        
        Mobile Village Health Team (VHT) and the Flying Doctor Services (FDS) visit each of the longhouses at least once a month
        
        The distance provides a major difficulty of access for the Penan, especially for children and pregnant women who need check-ups
        
        Murum communities have requested for a government clinic in their area providing basic services such as those provided by Sungai Asap Health Clinic