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Counter-urbanization, Rural Change, Continuum, Less demand for services -…

- - - - Lack of open space
        
        Worse for raising children
      - Increased crime rates
        
        Safety concerns
      - Air pollution
      - High rent/house prices
      - Perception that urban life is more stressful
      - Traffic pollution
      - Noise pollution
    - - Gardens/open space
      - Lower crime rates
        
        Less safety concerns
        
        better for raising children
      - Greater community
      - Better quality of life
      - Less traffic pollution
      - Less noise polution
      - Improvement in transit (cars)
        
        More able to commute
      - Increased car ownership
      - Improved technology
        
        people can work from home
        
        Reduced need to commute
  - - - Rural areas lose identity/tradition
        
        Rural areas lose rural charm
      - Increased Variety of cultures/diversity in rural areas
      - Conflict between locals + new comers
      - Increased population
        
        Increased variety/frequency of local services
    - - House price increase
        
        Locals displaced
      - Dormitory towns
        
        Local shops, services, ect. close
        
        Areas inhabited by people who commute to a town or city to work
        
        low daytime population
        
        Shops/services forced to close as insufficient demand
      - Increased commuting
        
        Shop in large supermarkets after work
      - Loss of traditional industries
      - Decline in public transport
        
        Elderly residents lose independence
    - - Increased commuting
        
        Air pollution
        
        Noise pollution
        
        Traffic pollution
      - Increased housing demand
        
        Greenfield sites built upon
        
        Decreased habitats + wildlife + biodiversity
  - - - More dangerous for pedestrians + Cyclists
      - Longer travel times
    - - Decreased quality of life + Health
- - - - The way people are spread out
      - Where people live
    - - People/unit area
      - Shown by choropleth map
    - - Area that a settlement provides goods/services for
    - - Minimum no. of people to maintain service
    - - Maximum distance people will travel for a service
  - - - CBD
      - High pop. density with High no. services
      - URBAN FRINGE
        
        Outskirts of urban area
        
        airports
        
        retail
        
        Housing
        
        SUBURBAN
        
        Housing
        
        Residents commute
        
        Residential with some services
        
        ACCESSIBLE RURAL
        
        Good transit links
        
        E.g. Good roads, trains
        
        Residents commute
        
        Low population density
        
        ISOLATED RURAL
        
        Poor transit links
        
        E.g. country lanes
        
        Residents work in area (farm, ect.)
        
        Open spaces
        
        Farmland
        
        Some housing/buildings
        
        Open spaces
      - Inner cities
    - - low pop. density
      - E.g. open areas, woodland, farms
- - - - In beautiful areas e.g. coast
    - - Increasing rural house prices
        
        Locals cannot afford
        
        Locals forced to leave
  - - - Ageing population
    - - Brain drain
  - - - Machines developed that can farm efficiently
        
        Reduced employment in farming (primary sector)
        
        More employment in tertiary sector
        
        Loss of traditional industries
    - - Food imported from abroad (cheaper)
        
        Decline in farming
  - - - People shop on their way home in supermarkets
      - Dormitory towns
        
        Lower demand of local shops
        
        Shops close
      - Reduced demand for bus services
        
        Lower frequency/variety
        
        Elderly lose independance
    - - Fewer families
        
        Lower demand for schools
        
        Schools below threshold population, and thus close
    - - Only in area seasonally
    - - local branches close
    - - Economies of scale
  - - - Low wages Seasonal jobs (especially tourist industry)
      - Lack of jobs
      - High costs of Goods/services (in rural areas)
      - High fuel costs
        
        High travel costs
        
        High cost to heat home
      - Lack of public transport
      - Rural
      - High rent/house prices
- - - - Locals emigrate from rural areas
        
        Rural depopulation