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Population, Communities, Retailing - Coggle Diagram

- - - - MONITARY
        
        Disposable income
        
        Credit cards (+debit cards
        
        Monthly pay, digitally
        
        Used to be weekly in cash
      - PARKING
        
        Very expensive in city centers
        
        Increased visitors/customers at retail parks
        
        Shops move to retail parks
        
        Free in retail parks
      - RENT
        
        Expensive in city centers
        
        Cheaper at retail larks
    - - Shops open on Sunday
        
        Especially in retail parks
        
        People visit retail parks for leisure/recreation
        
        Increased visitors/customers at retail parks
      - Women - worked past time/didnt work in past
        
        work full time now
        
        Women - work longer hours
        
        Shop once a week, after work
        
        Retail parks - on commute home
        
        Shop there
      - Covid 19
        
        People forced to shop online
        
        More used to it/comfortable with it
        
        More likely to shop online in future
    - - Internet/broadband
        
        Improved
        
        Increased online shopping
        
        Reduced highstreet/retail park shopping
        
        Coverage increase
      - 'Click and Collect'
        
        Convenient + simple
      - COMPANIES HAVE WEBSITES
        
        Book holidays + travel online
        
        Online Baking
      - Increase in advertising
        
        Social media advertising
      - Improvement in transport (car infrastructure)
        
        Improved roads
        
        Cheaper + more comfortable travel
        
        Travel further to shop
        
        Improved car efficiency
  - - - (Larger ones only allowed to be open for 6 hours)
    - - On outskirts
      - Ample parking
      - Large catchment area
    - - 'Click + Collect'
      - ONLINE SHOPPING
        
        PROS
        
        Always possible (24/7, everyday)
        
        Saves time
        
        Convinient
        
        Don't need to visit shops
        
        Do anywhere
        
        CONS
        
        Products that arrive are commonly NOT same as ordered
        
        Must be returned
        
        Inconvenient + Bad for environment
        
        Groups of people unconfident with technology
        
        E.g. Elderly
        
        Broadband unavailable/poor quality in some areas
        
        E.g. rural areas
  - - - Lower rent + Taxes
        
        Larger floor space
      - Larger sites
        
        room for expansion
      - Near major roads/Motorway junctions
        
        Easy access
        
        freight trucks for goods
        
        Customers
      - Leisure facilities
        
        Cinema, bowling, restaurants
        
        Encourage families - day out
        
        Increased footfall
    - - Traffic congestion
        
        Back up onto nearby major roads/motorway junctions
      - Inconvenient for people non car owners
      - City center - lacks footfall
        
        Shops closed, decline
        
        Doughnut effect
- - - - Economic
        
        more Women peruse professional career
        
        no time
        
        Don't have children
        
        Cost of raising a child in UK most expensive it has ever been
        
        Less children
        
        Increasing length of STATUATORY MATERNITY LEAVE
        
        More children
        
        Have children
        
        Amount of maternity leave legally allowed, before and after having a baby
      - Social
        
        Political
        
        all children receive many vaccines in childhood
        
        Reduced infant mortality rate
        
        Increase in immigration to UK
        
        Birth rate higher with migrants
        
        Increasing population
        
        Sex Education, contraception avalability
        
        Reduced unwanted pregancies
        
        (Advanced) Health care for all
        
        Increased life expectancy
        
        Decreased infant mortality rate
        
        Older average age of Marriage
        
        Decreased number of children on average
        
        Women often wait until 30s to have children
    - - Economic
        
        Elderly require specialist care
        
        In care homes
        
        In own homes
        
        Increased social care bill
        
        Pensions crisis
        
        Taxes currently paid<pension payments required
        
        Less people of working age
        
        Less tax income
        
        Gaps in job market
        
        Shortage of workers + skilles
        
        Public sector (Gov services)
        
        Private sector
      - Social
        
        Older people living alone increasing
        
        Increasing lonliness
        
        Working-age people have to look after elderly (e.g. parents) as well as their own children
      - Health
        
        Elderly require more healthcare
        
        Increased health bill
        
        Home visits
        
        More appointments, treatments, ect.
        
        More complex care
      - Housing demand increase
        
        Increased housing costs
  - - - No. children that die under 1, per 10,000, per year
    - - Time which a person is expected to live
    - - Difference between rates of Immigration and Emigration
- - - - Safe
      - Inclusive
      - Well panned/built/run
      - Good services
      - Equal opputunities
    - - People
      - Enviroment
    - - Model for sustainable communities
  - - - Land cheaper
      - More space for expansion
      - Often Beautiful areas
        
        Become tourist destinations
        
        Boost local business + local economy
      - Increased housing
        
        Rural areas have larger population
        
        Rural areas have greater variety+frequency of services
        
        E.g.
        
        May get more frequent/more bus routes
        
        May get library + expansion to school
        
        Better services for locals
    - - Wildlife/species destroyed, habitats destroyed
        
        Reduced biodiversity
      - Conflict due to change - Locals + Farmers
      - Rural areas lose rural character
      - Strain on rural survices
      - Encourages commuting
        
        Increase traffic pollution
        
        Increased air pollution
        
        Health issues
        
        Climate change
      - New housing to expensive for locals
        
        Locals forced to move out
      - New houses raise local house prices
  - - - Stops urban sprawl + Green bel development
        
        (Prevents cons of greenfield sites)
      - Provides housing close to jobs
        
        Reduces commuting
        
        Reduced air+traffic pollution
      - usually in areas of low employment
        
        Provide job opportunities + skills for locals
        
        Reduce deprivation
      - in densely populated urban areas
      - Positive multiplier effect
        
        Improved infrastructure in area
        
        Area modernised
        
        More buisnesses locate to area
        
        More employment
        
        More taxes
        
        1 more item...
    - - Expensive to prepare for new construction
        
        Clearing
        
        Chemical pollution removed
        
        Must be safe for human habitation
      - Traffic congestion already present
        
        As in CBD/urban area
      - Lack space for exansion
      - Small sites
      - Gentrification
        
        Area improved
        
        wealthier people move into previously poor urban area
        
        improves housing and services
        
        Area's character/atmosphere changes
        
        new businesses
        
        displaces poor inhabitants
    - - Reduce crime, unemployment
        
        Reduce deprivation
  - - - Improving an area's physical enviroment
      - E.g.
        
        Clearing old buildings
        
        Developing businesses/housing in the space
    - - E.g.
        
        Creation of Jobs
        
        Higher employment, higher incomes
        
        Increased quality of life in area
        
        People attracted to area
      - E.g. Cardiff Bay