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AUTHORITARIANISM AND TOTALITARIANISM - Coggle Diagram
AUTHORITARIANISM AND TOTALITARIANISM
To the rise of authoritarian and totalitarian regimes
The First World War had established habits of military organisation such as a chain of command and comradeship
The war had aroused nationalist feeling
The power of the state increased with state intervention in economy and society during the crisis of 1929.
New parties were formed that represented the working masses
Common characteristics
Politics
the government was an authoritarian dictatorship.
was a charismatic leader who possessed absolute political power and a single political party which supported him.
It was therefore an anti-democratic government in which there were no political parties, trade unions or free elections.
Citizens' rights were limited
Foreign policy
these regimes pursued an expansionist foreign policy to gain new territories
new markets and raw materials.
Economy
the state intervened in and controlled the economy.
Companies were nationalised: mines, railways and banks were managed and exploited by the state.
Public works programmes were set up to reduce unemployment and imports were minimalised to benefit national production.
Society
almost all the classes of society supported the regime because they were controlled and informed by the state
they believed that this system provided a solution to their problems.
Democracies and authoritarian regimes in the inter-war years
Differences between authoritarian
Right-wing
Right-wing authoritarian regimes came to power in Germany and Italy.
They were nationalist but rejected the communist ideology of the classless society.
Left-wing
A left-wing totalitarian regime came to power in the USSR.
It was anti-nationalist and anti-capitalist.
It aimed to create a classless communist society with the economy planned and controlled by the state, according to communist ideology.
Differences between democracies and authoritarian
Democracy
Individual rights and liberties are guaranteed.
A number of political parties.
All citizens are equal.
Authoritarian
Rights were given to groups, not to individuals.
One political party.
Social inequality (elites and racism).
The USSR: Stalinism
Stalinism
was the system of totalitarian government which was established in the USSR
Joseph Stalin eliminated all possible political rivals and took control of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU).
characteristics
political power
held by Stalin
gained control of the CPSU as secretary general and head of the government
He set up a system in which the party leaders ran the country
approved the Constitution of 1936
aintained the CPSU as the only political party
tried to spread communism across Europe through the Komintern (Third International)
economy
was planned and controlled by the state
Stalin introduced a series of five-year plans which aimed to achieve the rapid industrialisation of the USSR.
objectives
collectivisation of land
Sovkhoz
the land was owned by the state
the workers were paid a wage.
Kolkhoz
land was owned by the collective or cooperative,
the workers received part of the harvest as a wage
nationalisation of existing industries
investment in and creation of heavy industry, such as iron and steel
the production of capital goods, such as machinery and weaponry
the expense of consumer goods, such as textiles,
footwear and electrical appliances.
construction of hydraulic works
aimed to establish social equality, guaranteeing healthcare, education and housing for all citizens.
Italian fascism
was the system of authoritarian government established by Benito Mussolini in Italy in 1922
constitutional monarchy of Victor Emmanuel III was badly affected by the post-war economic crisis
many strikes and protests led by workers and peasants' trade unions.
led to the creation of the Fasci, volunteer militias, who with the support of the business owners, helped maintain order in the streets.
In 1919, following their success, Benito Mussolini created the first Fasci combat groups (Blackshirts).
In 1921, Mussolini formed the National Fascist Party.
on October 1922, frustrated by the government's inability to end social unrest, Mussolini led the March on Rome, which forced the government to step down.
The king, Victor Emmanuel III, asked Mussolini to form a government.
measures
politics
in 1926, he transferred all power to himself
All other parties were prohibited
Parliament was replaced by the Chamber of Fascists,
In foreign policy, he started Italian expansion into Abyssinia and Ethiopia
economy
Government intervention
An autarky was set up, and mines and the arms industry were nationalised and large scale public works projects were begun.
social policies
put an end to the unrest because he removed workers' rights
He indoctrinated the population through the education system
he increased the birth rate by offering subsidies to large families.
Nazi Germany
was the system of dictatorship established by Adolf Hitler in Germany.
It was a totalitarian regime which replaced the Weimar Democratic Republic.
triumph of totalitarianism in Germany can be explained by the humiliation Germans felt over the territorial and economic conditions
hyperinflation and high unemployment; and the discontent among the population with the democratic government that had signed the peace treaty.
In 1921, Adolf Hitler became the leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSGWP)
they used the SS, a paramilitary group, to attack the opposition, especially workers' parties.
Their political programme was based mainly on the rejection of the Treaty of Versailles.
measures
In 1934, he was proclaimed head of state, and he established the Third Reich.
in foreign policy, Hitler began an expansionist policy to recover German territories lost in the First World War
There was great economic development.
He was extremely anti-Semitic
Hitler believed that the German Aryan race was superior to other races.
After winning the elections in 1933, Hitler was named Chancellor and established a dictatorship
