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Macro-anatomy - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Voluntary movement
        
        Pre central gyrus
        
        Homunculus
        ** Top = feet/legs/groin torso,
        bottom = hands/arms/face/tongue
        ** Larger areas for fine motor
        e.g. TMS spasm
    - - Executive function (abstract thinking)
    - - No fluent speech
        
        Inferior frontal gyrus (usually L hemisphere)
        e.g. Patient Tan
  - - - Processes touch/pressure/pain/temp/proprioception
        
        In post central gyrus
        e.g. stimulate cortex
    - - Spatial navigation
        e.g. hemispatial neglect
  - - - e.g. prosopagnosia (cannot recognise face)
    - - No language meaning/comprehension
        
        L hemisphere, between temporal & parietal
- - - - PET: Positron Emission Tomography
        
        Injected radioactive 'tracer' that binds to brain molecules
        
        High spatial, poor temporal
        
        Use: brain function; diagnose cancer, dementia
    - - EEG: Electroencephalography
        
        Electrodes on scalp
        
        High temporal, low spatial
        
        Use: evaluate brain disorders (seizure timing, narcolepsy - sleep, psychoses, Alzheimer's)
      - MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
        
        Magnetic fields to measure brain/body tissue
        
        High spatial, (low temporal)
        
        Use: brain structure; diagnosis (bleeding, swelling, tumours, seizures, strokes)
      - fMRI: Functional MRI
        
        Indirect measure - changes in blood levels - BOLD
        
        Low temporal
        
        Use: brain function; detect abnormalities (tumours), effect of stroke/disease
  - - - DBS: Deep Brain Stimulation
        
        Insert electrodes in brain
        
        Use: treat Parkinsons, essential tremour, MS
    - - TMS: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
        
        Electromagnetic field to induce currents in brain
        
        Use: MDD (depression)
- - - - Pons
        
        Neurons crossover (bridge)
        
        REM sleep (inhibit movement)
      - Midbrain
        
        Tectum
        
        Vision & eye movement (superior colliculus)
        
        Hearing (inferior colliculus)
        Tegmentum
        
        Motor control & movement reward (substantia nigra)
      - Reticular formation
        
        Inside medulla & pons
        
        Sleep & wake & arousal
        
        Ascending pathway: from body -> cortices
        e.g. cats sleep / wake
      - Medulla oblongata
        
        Transmit (sensory) signals from spinal cord
        
        Respiratory, cardiovascular
        
        Reflexes: vomit, cough, sneeze, swallow
    - - Movement / motor control
        
        Balance
        
        Gait & posture
        e.g. girl with cerebellar hypoplasia
  - - - Gateway for sensory (except smell)
        ** Tongue -> gustatory cortex
        ** Visual -> lateral geniculate nucleus -> primary visual cortex
        ** Sound -> medial geniculate nucleus -> auditory cortex
        ** Touch/pain/pressure/temp -> primary somatosensory cortex
        
        Spatial processing & spatial/non-spatial memory
        e.g. rats & smell order (sequence memory)
    - - Fight/flight/feed/mate
        
        Hormones & ANS - homeostasis (temp, weight, emotion)
        e.g. cats & rats, starvation & aggression
    - - Relevance detector
        
        Threat detection & fear
        
        Fight (aggression) or flight
        e.g. S.M. showed no fear
    - - Memory encoding & consolidation
        
        Spatial processing
        e.g. H.M. - anterograde amnesia
    - - Nuclei: globus pallidus (mvt), caudate nucleus, putamen, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra (mvt), nucleus accumbens (reward)
        
        Motor control - planned & spontaneous movement
        e.g. Parkinson's Disease
        
        Reward - dopamine release
        e.g. rats self-stimulating
        
        Memory, emotional expression