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Y10 Biology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Protects the leaf from pathogens
      - Transparent - light
    - - waxy covering on surface to prevent water loss from evaporation
    - - lots of chloroplasts
      - blocked shaped - so can be packed in the top layer
      - tall and thin - efficient
    - - dead (hollow) cell strengthened by lignin, transport water & mineral - stem → leaves
    - - moves assimilates ↑↓ from source to sink. Sieve tubes: perforated end, no nuclei. companion cells: transports the substance that requires energy
    - - underground → no chloroplast
    - - Air space → Diffusion of gases (CO2, H2O, O2)
    - - Pores surrounded by guard cells
    - - Surround stomata, expands to close stomata, contracts to open stomata, opens at day to let CO2 in, close at night so O2 doesn't escape.
  - - - Tissue made of: Hollow cells no organelles or end walls
      - Carries: Water & mineral
      - Direction: up
      - From: roots
      - To: stems & leaves
      - Process: Transpiration
      - Vessel: Dead
      - Cell walls: thick - strengthened by lignin
    - - Carries: Sucrose & amino acids
      - Direction: both
      - From: source(parts that photosynthesise)
      - To: sink(parts that don't photosynthesise)
      - Process: Translocation
      - Vessel: Alive
      - Cell walls: thin
      - Tissue made of: sieve tube elements & companion cells
  - - - Photosynthesis - rapid growth
      - increases production of seeds
    - - firm oil, sugars, starches
      - solar energy → chemical energy
    - - Helps build protein
      - needed for photosynthesis
      - better fruit quality, less diseases
    - - Part of chlorophyll
      - helps activate enzymes
    - - Forms chlorophyll
    - - part of cell wall
      - helps transport elements
    - - making protein
      - root's growth
      - forms chlorophyll
- - - - C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP energy
  - - - Extra amount of oxygen, that must be supplied to body after exercise, in order to restore metabolic system back to re-exercise state
      - Replenish by breathing heavily after exercise to allow more oxygen into cells and allow oxygen to break down lactic acid into carbon dioxide and water in the liver
        
        some can be converted back to glucose
    - - Yeast and plants
      - Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon dioxide
      - C6H12O6 → C2H5OH + 2CO2
  - - - Requires Oxygen
      - Occurs in the mitochondria of cellls
      - Releases a lot of energy per glucose molecule
      - Used when the rate and breathing rate rise
    - - Occurs in the cytoplasm
      - Doesn't require oxygen
      - Used during intense exercise and after long exercise
      - Less energy per glucose molecule
      - Produces lactic acid
  - - - Large S.A. and good blood supply - warms the air
      - Hairy lining traps pathogens in mucus
      - Moist surfaces - reduces evaporation of water in lungs
    - - cartilage holds it open
      - rings are incomplete so it can bend
      - has ciliated cell and goblet cells(produces mucus)
    - - Similar structure to trachea but smaller
    - - Smaller bronchus
      - Cilia
      - Goblet cells
    - - Small → surface area : volume ratio
      - elastic fibres recoil which helps move air out
      - thin flattened epithelial cells
    - - Between the pleural membrane(double membrane surrounding the lungs) are pleural fluid which lubricates the lungs. It adheres the lungs to the chest by cohesion so that the lungs also expand with chest while breathing.
  - - - short diffusion passage
    - - Maintains diffusion gradient
    - - Maintains diffusion gradient
- - - - Orange-brown → Blue-black
  - - - Dark Blue → Colourless
  - - - Blue → Purple
  - - - Colourless → Cloudy
  - - - Reducing sugar
        
        Blue → hotter colour
        
        Hotter colour → more reducing sugar in it
- - - - C6H12O6
  - - - C, H, O
  - - - C, H, O, N
- - - - 1. Mucus = pathogens get trapped in the mucus and can then be removed from the body
      - 2. Stomach Acid = contains hydrochloric acid which is strong enough to kill any pathogens
    - - 1. Phagocytes = undergoes phagocytosis. It engulfs and digests pathogenic cells
      - 2. Lymphocytes = produces antibodies to identify pathogens as well as releasing chemicals that signal to other cells that they must be destroyed
- - - - Oesophagus
        
        Stomach
        
        Small intenstine
        
        Large intestine/colon
        
        Rectum
        
        Anus
        
        1 more item...
        
        Faeces are stored
        
        Salts & water removed from bolus, mainly fibres are left
        
        Adaptations
        
        long → enough time for absorption
        
        Villi → large surface area
        
        duodenum → ileum
        
        Lipase from the pancreas breaks down fat → fatty acids + glycerol, helped by the bile which increases the fat's surface area (emulsification). Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gal bladder.
        
        Assimilation
        
        Product digested are absorbed into blood, into capillaries by villi. Lacteals absorb fatty acids and glycerol
        
        Gastric juice
        
        Hydrochloric acid
        
        Kills pathogens by denaturing enzymes
        
        Optimum pH for Pepsin
        
        Amylase denatures
        
        Mucus
        
        protects the lining of the stomach
        
        Pepsin
        
        Protein → Peptides (smaller chain of amino acids)
        
        Peristalsis
        
        Peristalsis
        
        Pushes Bolus to the stomach
      - Mechanical digestion
        
        teeth
      - Chemical digestion
        
        Salivary amylase
      - Food → Bolus
  - - - Series of wave-like muscle contractions
        
        circular muscles: contracted, longitudinal muscles: relaxed
    - - taking substances into the body through the mouth
    - - chewing & peristalsis (stomach)
    - - digestion using enzymes
    - - Digested food molecules and ions passing thought the intestinal walls into the blood stream
    - - Digested food moving into the cells (for growth, repair, energy)
    - - Passing out of indigested food through anus
    - - the discharge of faeces from the body
    - - Passage where the food passes through the body to the anus
  - - - Enzymes are biological catalyst, made of protein.
      - Product: The smaller molecules of the substrate that reacted with the enzyme
      - Substrate: Molecules which joins with the enzyme in the active site
      - Optimum temperature: Temperature where enzymes work best
      - Denature: When the active site is not complementary to its substrate, so they cannot join together
    - - Pancreatic Amylase
        
        Starch
        
        Maltose
        
        Pancrease
      - Protease
        
        Proteins
        
        Amino acids
        
        Stomach
        
        Pancreas
      - Lipase
        
        Lipids
        
        Glycerol
        
        Fatty acids
        
        Pancreas
      - Salivary Amylase
        
        Starch
        
        Maltose
        
        Salivary glands
      - Maltase
        
        Maltose
        
        Glucose
        
        Small intestine
    - - Temperature
        
        Denatures at high temperatures
      - pH
        
        Denatures when the pH is above or below a certain range
      - Concentration
        
        Increases until a certain concentration