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Authoritarianism and totalitarianism
In Germany, Italy and the USSR, authoritarian dictatorships came to power.
power was concentrated in the hands of a supreme leader and one ruling political party.
these evolved into totalitarian regimes.
Authoritarian and totalitarian regimes
Factors
The First World War had established habits of military organisation
The war had aroused nationalist feeling
The power increased with state intervention in economy and society during 1929
New parties were formed that represented the working masses
characteristics
Politics
the government was an authoritarian dictatorship
a charismatic leader whit absolute political power and a political party which supported him.
Foreign policy
it pursued an expansionist foreign policy to gain new territories and new markets and raw materials.
Economy
the state intervened in and controlled the economy.
Companies were nationalised, exploited by the state
Society
all the classes of society supported the regime because they were controlled
Methods they used
Culture
was also controlled by the state
Propaganda
was used to promote its ideology and censure opposition.
A policy of repression
used secret police, to find people who opposed the system...
Violence
was used by the army and paramilitary groups
Differences between authoritarian ideologies
Right-wing authoritarian regimes
came to power in Germany and Italy.
They were nationalist but rejected the communist ideology of the classless society.
A left-wing totalitarian regime
came to power in the USSR.
It was anti-nationalist and anti-capitalist.
It aimed to create a classless communist society
The USSR: Stalinism
was the system of totalitarian government which was established in the USSR
after Lenin's death in 1924
Joseph Stalin eliminated all possible political rivals and took control of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Characteristics of Stallin's government
All political power was held by Stalin.
approved the Constitution of 1936
maintained the CPSU as the only political party
tried to spread communism across Europe
economy was planned and controlled by the state
collectivisation of land by expropriation of property
nationalisation of existing industries
the construction of hydraulic works
He aimed to stablish social equality
He reinforced his own power through propaganda
This, portrayed him as the saviour of patriotism, and through repression
Italian Fascism
Fascism was the system of authoritarian government established by Benito Mussolini in 1922.
The constitutional monarchy was badly affected by the post-war economic crisis
The situation led to the creation of the Fasci
Mussolini created
In 1919, the first Fasci combat groups
1921, formed National Fasci party.
He transformed the democratic state into a dictatorship with the following measures.
In politics, in 1926, he transferred all power to himself
Government intervention in the economy was established
Mussolini's social policies put an end to the unrest because he removed workers' rights
Nazi Germany
Nazism was the system of dictatorship established by Adolf Hitler in Germany
He was known as Führer
It was a totalitarian regime which replaced the Weimar Democratic Republic.
In 1921, Adolf Hitler became the leader of the Nazi Party
After winning elections in 1933, he adopted this measures
he was proclaimed head of state, and he established the Third Reich.
There was great economic development.
