Spain: dictatorship and democracy

political evolution (1920-30)

A military dictatorship was followed by a period of democracy with the establishment of the Second Republic

A civil war brought the triumph of a new dictatorship and the collapse of the democratic system

DICTATORSHIP OF
PRIMO DE RIVERA

In 1923, General Miguel Primo de Rivera led a military coup

Alfonso XIII accepted the dictatorship and Primo de Rivera was named president of the government

reforms

Domestic policy

Foreign policy

the Patriotic Union became the official party of the dictatorship

Rivera won the war in Morocco after the success of the landing of Spanish troops at Alhucemas in 1925

economy

a plan was implemented to build large public works

From 1928 onwards, Primo de Rivera's dictatorship faced growing opposition

The situation was made worse by the economic crisis of 1929

in January 1930, Primo de Rivera resigned and a constitutional monarchy was restored

THE SECOND SPANISH REPUBLIC

In April 1931, the constitutional monarchy of Alfonso XIII was restored and municipal elections were held

Republican-Socialist coalition won and Alfonso XIII went into exile

On 14 April 1931, the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed

The Second Republic is divided into three periods

left-wing biennium(1931-33)

Niceto Alcalá Zamora president of the Republic, and Manuel Azaña head of the government

One of the first measures they carried out was to write a new Constitution (1931)

significant reforms

Territorial

Cataluña was given a statute of autonomy

Military

the Azaña law reduced the excessive number of army officers

Agricultural

large agricultural estates were expropriated

Labour

the Law of Labour Contracts forced business owners to negotiate working conditions with the trade unions

Educational

a secular, mixed gender, compulsory free education system was established

centre-right biennium (1933–36)

Elections were held and the centre-right parties won,

Niceto Alcalá Zamora, named Alejandro Lerroux as the
new head of government

The PSOE and the PCE, organised a general strike in October 1934 (October Revolution)

Popular Front (1936)

Left-wing parties (the Socialists, Communists and Republicans) formed a coalition

Manuel Azaña became the president of the Republic, and Casares Quiroga became head of the government

En with violent clashes between extreme right-wing militants
Falangists and communists.

image

THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR

The civil war (1936-1939)

Reasons of war

17 July 1936, anti-republican section of the army rebelled in Morocco against the government of the Republic

On 18 July, the rebellion, led by Emilio Mola, José Sanjurjo and Francisco Franco, spread to the peninsula

aims of rebellion

end public disorder

end left-wing government reforms

re-establish the political and social order

TWO SIDES AND INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT​​

Supporters of the Republicans

Stalinist USSR supported a workers' revolution

International Brigades

Mexico sent food and healthcare supplies

Supporters of the Nacionalsists

Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy

Portugal and Ireland supplied volunteers

image

development of the war

end of the war

in March, the Nationalist army took Madrid and on 1 April 1939, the war ended

Battle of the Ebro

Republicans began the battle of the Ebro in order to stop the Nationalist advance towards Cataluña

Northern campaign

the next objective for Franco was to take Asturias, Cantabria and País Vasco.

March to Madrid

tionalists, led by General Franco, tried to occupy Madrid, but they were defeated

consequences of the civil war

Political

authoritarian regime was set up (a dictatorship)

Economic

economic losses were high due to the destruction of infrastructure, transport systems , industrial areas and houses

Demographic

half a million Spanish people died during the civil war, reducing the population drastically

Cultural

ideological repression was implemented through education and culture

image

image

image

image

image

image

image

image

image

image

image

Ended in a dictatorship led by General Francisco Franco

image

image

image

image

image

image

image

image

image