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The crisis of Parliament and the outbreak of the First Civil War, 1640…

- - - - support in the house of lords due to many of the lords wealth + status being held by charles
        
        supremacy in the legal system allowed charles to arrest + trial many of his opponents
        
        command of the army meant charles could call the milita and deploy the army at his own will
        
        censorship of the press allowed charles to surpress those who challenged him
        
        authority over foreign policy meant charles could go to other countires, such as spain, for help
        
        determined and effective ministers such as laud and wentworth meant charles could run the three kingdoms easier with their support
        
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    - - unable to handle debate and saw criticism as disloyalty
        
        very arrogant
  - - - from the lords (bridge appointments)
        
        the earl of bedford who was a moderate man suggested bridge appointments which would provide charles with a stable source of finance and in return the king would hold regular parliaments
        
        but the plan fell apart when charles found out bedford was collaborating with the covenanters trying to make peace
      - the ten propositions
        
        a document brought by pym before parliament on the 24th june that would've dramatically limited charles' powers
        
        disbandment of army in north
        
        parliamentary input in privy council members
        
        oversight in queens household + catholic circle
    - - context of the bill
        
        the long parliament set about reforming the church
      - content of the bill
        
        it intended to abolish the offices of archbishops and bishops
        
        this would dismantle the structure of the CofE + alter the composition of the house of lords
        
        politically it would also reduce charles' powers as he appointed bishops
      - arguments over the bill
        
        the bill showed many divisions in parliament between people who wanted a more puritan church and those who wanted to return it to the pre-laudian state ("true reformed protestant religion")
  - - - with no money to fight the scots, wentworth suggested charles recall parliament
        
        the session began on the 13th april 1640 with charles' expectation that parliament would grant him subsidies and then he would listen to their grievances
        
        however, the parliament dissolved without the king nor parliament getting what they want because...
        
        charles still had some expectation that the spanish king or pope would give him money
        
        strafford had suggested using the irish army against the covenanters
        
        strafford was ill and couldn't help charles in discussing with parliament
        
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    - - it was events in scotland that meant parliament were recalled on 3rd november 1640
        
        charles was weak and desperate for parliaments money
  - - - unity of purpose meant the majority of the commons and lords were united in the goals to remedy the abuses of personal rule + revive the kings relationship with the country
        
        quality of intellect was very important as most of the opposition, particularly in the commons, were well educated and intelligent
        
        political support from londoners which was shown from the 15,000 signatures on the root and branch petition
    - - goal
        
        action
      - dismantle the prerogative courts
        
        star chamber abolioshed in july 1641
      - abolish ship money and tonnage + poundage
        
        ship money act (1640) and T+P act (june 1641)
      - remove the kings evil counsellors
        
        strafford impeached (nov 1640), laud impeached (dec 1640)
      - removed laudianism from anglican church
        
        root + branch petition presented to commons (dec 1640)
      - ensure regular parliaments
        
        triennial act (15th feb 1641)
      - prevent dissolution without consent
        
        act against dissolution (may 1641)
  - - - dec - root + brank petition, impeachment of laud
        
        nov - impeachment of strafford
        
        3rd nov - opening of long parliament
        
        august - petition of twelve peers
        
        5th may - dissolution of short parliament
        
        1640 - 13th april - opening of short parliament
        
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- - - - it contained an overview of charles reign and presented a list of demands
      - such as... clearing the HoL from bishops and catholic peers
      - and parliament were to have more influence in the selection of royal officers
    - - some saw the remonstrance as too radical and rejected it, which too pym was a sign of support for the crown
      - it was only passed by 159 votes to 148
      - it caused major debate in the commons on whether to publish the remonstrance due to tradition (fear if disorder) and a new force in politics (london mob)
        
        tradition
        
        publishing the remonstrance would destabilise the political order of the country
        
        new force in politics
        
        potential power of the london mob to push through a more radical agenda
  - - - when charles lost control of censorship, pamphlets began to flood the streets
      - parliament began to actively harness the mob to increase pressure on charles (e.g root and branch petition)
      - puritan sentiment had already began radicalising under the pressure of laudianism
  - - - some say he was respectful + well tempered
      - others say he had a lack of humour + poor people skills
    - - wasn't inherently revolutionary
      - his goal was to restore the church to how it was during the early stage of James I rule
    - - rumours spread that charles was going to use force to make parliament reverse its legislation
      - on the 19th April 1641, news emerged that charles had ordered all his army officers to return to their commands with the english army in the north
      - pym broke this information to parliament in early may and it triggered high tensions as people thought charles would use the army to free strafford and then forcibly dissolve parliament
      - significance of the army plot
        
        a 'protestation oath was issued on 6th may
        
        the act of dissolution was passed on the 10th may
        
        parliament stepped up efforts on strafford who was executed on 12th may
  - - - spreading of books
      - threatening of priests
      - riots nation wide
    - - collapse of thorough
      - release of prisoners
      - abolition of prerogative courts
      - the puritan network
      - neutralising of laud
      - collapse of censorship
- - - - april - impeachment abandoned
        
        may - death of bedford
        
        may - the army plot
        
        may - strafford executed under act of attainder
        
        aug - charles travels to scotland
        
        oct - 'the incident'
        
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  - - - looked promising at first but collapsed after bedfords death
    - - the cumbernauld band were a group of 18 noble scots who expressed their loyalty had been alarmed by the development of radicalism
        
        the incident was where charles tried to remove the most radical covenanters (agryll + hamilton) by marching into the Edinburgh parliament with armed troops on the 12th october
        
        however, the plot had been leaked and they escaped
        
        the incident showed to everyone that once again charles could not be trusted
  - - - he had reformed and revived the irish army + offered it to charles in 1640 so there were worried charles could use the irish army
    - - the prosecution was that strafford was trialed for was trying to establish an arbitrary
        
        however, the prosecution was very weak with strafford holding a good defense and the charges being seriously flawed
        
        it looked quite possible that the trial would collapse
    - - pym changed his tactics and instead drew up a bill of attainder which had to be passed through the house of commons + the house of lords and finally consented by charles
        
        it firstly passed through the commons
        
        then after the army plot the lords agreed to the bill
        
        finally, under huge pressure charles turned the bill into an act and he could do nothing but watch when strafford was executed on the 12th may 1641 in front of a crowd of 100,000
- - - - nov - the additional instruction
        
        nov - charles returns from scotland
        
        dec - the militia bill
        
        1642 - jan - failed arrest of the 5 members
        
        feb - exclusion bill
        
        march - militia ordinance
        
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  - - - the irish wanted a similar settlement to the scots but with a strong catholic flavour, but the long parliament wanted to enforce an anti-catholic policy
        
        as well as this, many irish catholics wanted revenge on settlers in the ulster plantation who had evicted many irish families
    - - parliament needed to give charles an army to deal with the crisis in ireland but were worried if he could be trusted with the army in his control
    - - this resulted in the milita bill being introduced by sir arthur haselrig on 7th december 1641
        
        this would remove the kings power to summon militia + give parliament the power to appoint army commanders
  - - - on the 29th december a vote of impeachment against the bishops was accepted
        
        charles then launched treason proceedings against Pym, Hampden, Denzil Holles, Sir Arthur Haselrig, William Strode + Edward Montagu
        
        on the 4th january, charles heard they were in parliament so he sent an army of 500 soldiers to arrest them but the MP's had been forewarned and fled to safety in the city of london
    - - the london mob surged onto the streets
        
        charles fled london and would'nt return until 1649
        
        a new flurry of legislation followed...
        
        exclusion bill on the 5th february 1642 (removed bishops from house of lords)
        
        and the militia ordinance was put before parliament on the 15th february
  - - - religion was a key decider with more than half or parliament being puritans and 1/3 of the royalist gentry being catholic
        
        geography with the north being more on the side of the king and the south being more parliament
        
        individual rivalries with members on each side
    - - choosing to take neither side was probably the natural choice for the majority of ordinary englishmen
  - - - fear of disorder
        
        constitutional royalism
        
        religious moderation
    - - parliaments last effort to contain the king came in the form of the 19 propositions which were very radical and impossible for charles to approve
      - they included...
      - parliament take responsibility for educating royal children + royal marriages
      - new, stronger anti-catholic policy
      - the 5 members cleared of all charges
      - the king should approve the militia ordinance
      - as expected charles rejected the propositions