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Universe (Syrgabaev Mukhammad Law-120) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - A bright blue star, seven times the mass of the Sun and 3,000 times as bright. This is one of the fastest rotating stars known to us! It rotates so fast that its equatorial radius is 56% greater than the polar one, and the temperature at the pole - since it is much closer to the core - is 10,000 K more. But it is quite far from us, at 139 light years.
    - - A red giant from the constellation of Orion, Betelgeuse was a bright and hot class O star until it ran out of hydrogen and switched to helium. Despite its low temperature of 3500 K, it is more than 100,000 times brighter than the Sun, which is why it is among the ten brightest, despite being 600 light years away. In the next million years, Betelgeuse will go supernova, and temporarily become the brightest star in the sky, possibly visible during the day.
    - - The star is very different from the ones we have considered. Procyon is a modest F-class star, only 40% larger than the Sun, and is on the verge of running out of hydrogen in its core - that is, it is a subgiant in the process of evolution. It is about 7 times brighter than the Sun, but is only 11.5 light-years away, so it can be brighter than almost all but seven of the stars in our sky.
    - - In Orion, Betelgeuse is not the brightest of the stars - this distinction is awarded to Rigel, a star even more distant from us. It is 860 light years away, and at a temperature of just 12,000 degrees, Rigel is not a main sequence star - it is a rare blue supergiant! It is 120,000 times brighter than the Sun, and shines so brightly not because of its distance from us, but because of its own brightness.
    - - This is a strange star, because, in fact, these are two red giants with a temperature comparable to the sun, but each of them is about 78 times brighter than the Sun. At 42 light-years away, it's the combination of its own brightness, its relatively small distance, and the fact that there are two of them that allows Capella to be on our list.
    - - The brightest star from the Summer-Autumn Triangle, the home of aliens from the movie "Contact". Astronomers used it as a standard "zero magnitude" star. It is only 25 light-years away, belongs to the main sequence stars, and is one of the brightest class A stars known to us, as well as quite young, only 400-500 million years old. At the same time, it is 40 times brighter than the Sun, and the fifth brightest star in the sky. And of all the stars in the northern hemisphere, Vega is second only to one star.
    - - The orange giant, on the evolutionary scale, is somewhere between Procyon and Capella. This is the brightest star in the northern hemisphere, and it is easy to find it by the "handle" of the Big Dipper bucket. It is 170 times brighter than the Sun, and following the evolutionary path, it can become even brighter! It is only 37 light-years away, and only three stars are brighter than it, all located in the southern hemisphere.
    - - This is a triple system in which the main member is very similar to the Sun, and itself is dimmer than any of the ten stars. But the Alpha Centauri system consists of the stars closest to us, so its location affects its apparent brightness - after all, it is only 4.4 light-years away. Not at all like #2 on the list.
    - - A white supergiant, Canopus is 15,000 times brighter than the Sun and is the second brightest star in the night sky despite being 310 light-years away. It is ten times more massive than the Sun and 71 times larger - it is not surprising that it shines so brightly, but it could not reach the first place. After all, the brightest star in the sky is
    - - It is twice as bright as Canopus and northern hemisphere observers can often see it rising behind the constellation Orion in winter. It often twinkles because its bright light can penetrate the lower atmosphere better than the light of other stars. It is only 8.6 light-years away, but it is a Class A star, twice as massive and 25 times as luminous as the Sun.
- - - - The sun is one of the stars in our galaxy and the only star in the solar system.
    - - Venus
      - Earth
      - Mercury
      - Mars
      - Jupiter
      - Uranus
      - Neptune
      - Saturn
- - - - Isaac Newton
        
        Isaac Newton (1643-1727) was born in England to a farmer's family. The formulation of the three laws of mechanics and the law of universal gravitation allowed Newton to scientifically substantiate such phenomena as the movement of the planets around the Sun and the Moon around the Earth, as well as explain the reasons for the existence of ebbs and flows.
      - Mikhail Lomonosov
        
        The Russian scientist-encyclopedist Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (1711-1765) had a great influence on the development of many areas of Russian science. This great scientist did much for the development of astronomy. He was one of the first to start astrophysical studies of outer space and correctly explained the cause of some phenomena.
      - Johannes Kepler
        
        Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) - one of the greatest astronomers of all times and peoples and the founder of theoretical astronomy - was born in Württemberg near Weil in a poor family. After the scientist left 57 calculation tables, 27 printed works, almost each of which included several volumes.
      - Nicholas Copernicus
        
        Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) was an extremely gifted theoretical astronomer, but in practice he was far surpassed by many Arab astronomers who lived many centuries earlier. The fact is that Copernicus did not have suitable conditions and tools for conducting full-fledged astronomical observations.
      - Galileo Galilei
        
        Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was born in an impoverished noble family near Florence. His father was a musician and mathematician. It is known that Galileo grew up as an observant and resourceful boy. As a child, he was interested in construction and often built small models of windmills and ships.
      - Tycho Brahe
        
        Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) was born in Denmark into a wealthy and noble family. Brahe is known not only as a scientist and astrologer, but also as an eccentric. Yet in the sixteenth century Brahe was known more as an astrologer than as an astronomer. Many of his notes were lost after his death, and some passed to his student Kepler, who continued Brahe's scientific research.
      - William Herschel
        
        At the end of the XVIII century, astronomers began to take an interest in the structure of the star system. By this time, refracting telescopes had already been invented and repeatedly improved, which made it possible to conduct such observations. Among the astronomers of this period, William Herschel (1738-1822) is considered the main figure.
      - Charles Monsieur
        
        Charles Messier (1730-1817), French astronomer, member of the Paris Academy of Sciences. Messier systematically searched for new comets. In 1763-1802, he discovered 13 comets, including the short-period comet D/1770 L1, later named after Leksel. He also compiled a catalog of nebulae and star clusters, named after the astronomer.
      - Fedor Bredikhin
        
        Astrophysics is a branch of astronomy that deals with the study of the physical nature of various celestial bodies. Although in Russia, since the time of Peter the Great, astrophysics as a whole, as a science, has not yet existed. The great Russian astronomer Fyodor Alexandrovich Bredikhin (1831-1904) is rightfully considered the founder of Russian astrophysics.
      - Edwin Hubble
        
        Edwin Hubble became a true classic of twentieth century science. The scientist left a grandiose legacy - the evolving world of galaxies, governed by the law of his name. He made such outstanding discoveries that they give an indisputable right to call Hubble the greatest astronomer since the time of Copernicus.
    - - location of celestial bodies and systems
      - movement of celestial bodies and systems
      - structure of celestial bodies and systems
      - origin of celestial bodies and systems
      - development of celestial bodies and systems
  - - - Philosophers
        
        Anaximenes (6th century BC).
        
        Student of Anaximander. He considered air to be the beginning of everything, from the discharge of which all things arise.
        
        Anaximander (610-547 BC)
        
        Ancient Greek philosopher, representative of the Milesian school. He was the author of the first philosophical work in Greek, On Nature. A student of Thales. Created a geocentric model of the cosmos, the first geographical map.
        
        Thales. (640-550 BC)
        
        Ancient Greek thinker, one of the founders of ancient philosophy. Founder of the Milesian school.
        
        Confucius (Kung Tzu) (551-479 BC)
        
        Chinese philosopher, founder of Confucianism
        
        Parmenides (6th century BC)
        
        Ancient Greek philosopher and politician. He expressed his views in the poem "On Nature".
        
        Lao Tzu (6-5 centuries BC)
        
        Semi-legendary founder of Taoism. Traditionally, he is considered the author of the famous book "Tao Te Ching" ("The Book of the Way and Dignity").
        
        Xenophanes (570-478 BC)
        
        Ancient Greek wandering poet and philosopher. A satirist, a denier of the authorities of Hellenic culture. The main work is Sillas (satires) in 5 books, directed "against all poets and philosophers."
        
        Buddha (Enlightened) (c. 567-488 BC)
        
        Founder of Buddhism.
- - - - The Moon appeared about 4.51 billion years ago, a little later than the Earth. The most popular hypothesis is that the Moon was formed from fragments left after the “Giant Collision” between the Earth and Theia, a planet similar in size to Mars.
      - The Moon is the only natural satellite of the Earth. The closest satellite of the planet to the Sun, since the planets closest to the Sun do not have them.