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Pollution :warning: - Coggle Diagram
Pollution
:warning:
Smoke/PM10
Sources
Incomplete combustion
Coal
Diesel
Wood
Crop waste
Impacts
Respiratory disease
Increased albedo of atmosphere
Smoke smogs during temp inversion
Controls
Legislation
Clean Air act 1956
Coal treatment
heating to remove tar
Electrostatic precipitators
Cyclone seperators
Bag filters
Acid Precipitation
Primary and secondary pollutants
SOx
Sulphurous/sulfuric acid
NOx
Nitric acid
Ozone
Involved in production of secondary pollutants
Sources
Combustion of fossil fueld
Smelting of sulphide ores
Impacts
Non-living objects
Damage to limestone buildings
Damage to metal structures
Living organisms
Direct effects
Damage to proteins
Damage to exoskeletons
Respiratory effects
Controls
SOx
Fuel desulfurization
Flue Gas Desulfurization
Wet
Dry
NOx
Catalytic converters
Urea sprays
Ozone
Control of NOx
Reduces ozone formation
Oxides of nitrogen NOx
Sources
Reaction of nitrogen and oxygen in hot combustion processes
NOx release due to fertiliser use
Effects
Photochemical smogs
Global climate change
Controls
Catalytic converters
Urea sprays
Control of fertilisers
Hydrocarbons
Sources
Unburnt hydrocarbon fuels
Gaseous emissions from fossil fuel exploitation
Solvents
Aerosol propellants
Effects
Greenhouse gases
Photochemical smogs
Controls
Catalytic converters
Improved combustion
Vapour collection and incineration
Activated carbon filters
Carbon Monoxide
Source
Incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons
Effect
If inhaled reduces carriage of oxygen by haemoglobin
Controls
Catalytic converters
Improved combustion efficiency
Thermal
Scientific principles
The relationship between temperature and maximum dissolved oxygen level
Source
Hot water from steam turbine power station condensers
Effect
Deoxygenation of water
Controls
Temperature reduction using cooling towers
Oil Pollution
Sources
Waste lubricating oils
Ship tank washing
Ship tanker accidents
Other ship accidents
Oil refinery spills
Pipeline leaks
Leakage during drilling
Effects
Toxicity
Asphyxiation
Loss of insulation
Less time to feed young
Food chain effects
Controls
Recycling waste oil
Reduced leakage
Equipment maintenance
Bund walls
Ship tanker design
Double hulls
Twin engine/rudders
Ship tanker operation
Inert gas oil tank systems
Recirculation of washing water
Improved navigation systems
GPS
offshore shipping routes
Oil interceptors
Oil spill clean up
Inflatable booms
skimmers
absorbent materials
polymerising materials
Dispersants
steam cleaning
Bioremediation
Pesticides
Pesticide characteristics
Toxicity
Systemic/contact action
Specificity
Persistence
Liposolubility
Bioaccumulation
Biomagnification
Mobility
Synergism
Effects
Direct toxic impacts on non target species
Toxic impacts after increased concentration
Indirect effects
Food chain impacts
Loss of interspecies relationships
Control
Restrictions on use of selected pesticides
Organochlorines
Organophosphates
Pesticides
Organochlorines
Organophosphates
Pyrethroids
Neonicotinoids
Inorganic nutrients: nitrates and phosphates
Sources
Nitrates
Leachate
Runoff
Phosphates
Sewage effluent
Effect
Eutrophication
Combined effects of nitrates/phosphates
Human health
Methamoglobianaemia/blue baby syndrome
Carcinogenic
Controls
Nitrates
Use of low solubility fertalisers
Nitrate vulnerable zones
Phosphates
Iron phosphate precipitation
Organic nutrient pollutants
Sources
Organic waste
Sewage
Manure
Silage fluids
Effluent from processing wood/paper
Effect
Deoxygenation
Caused by microbial aerobic decomposition
Control
Pre-treatment
Grit traps
Screens
Primary treatment
Primary sedimentation
Secondary treatment
Aerobic bacterial decomposition
Activated sludge
Filter beds
Secondary sedimentation
Tertiary treatment
Phosphate removal
Bacterial microfilters
Anaerobic sludge digestion
Acid mine drainage
Sources
Oxidation of sulfide ores in mine spil/rocks
Drainage water/leachate
Effects
Reduced pH
Acid damage
Increased solubility/mobilisation of toxic metals
Control
Collection of drainage water
Neutralised with lime
Heavy Metals
Properties should be analysed to understand why they have caused pollution problems
Lead
Properties
Neurotoxicity
Liposolubility
Bioaccumulation
Biomagnification
Controls
Discontinued uses
Paint
Petrol additives
Solder for water pipes
Lead fishing weights
Waste storage at high pH to reduce solubility
Mercury
Properties
Neurotoxicity
Liposolubility
Bioaccumulation
Biomagnification
Effect of chemical form on pollutant toxicity
Elemental mercury
Inorganic merury
Organic mercury
Solid wastes
Treatment method depends upon its properties
Domestic wastes
Landfill
Incineration
Recycling
Composting
Specialist solid wastes
Particular risks should be treated separately
Radioactive
High-level waste
Intermediate level waste
Low level waste
Sealed storage
Monitoring
Encapsulation
Use of absorbers
Cooling should be evaluated
Asbestos
Cyanide