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EASE 4 Biology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Spermatogonium --(mitosis)-> P.Spermatocyte P.Spermatocyte --(meiosis 1)-> S.Spermatocyte S.Spermatocyte --(meiosis 2)-> Spermatid Spermatid --(maturation)-> Sperm
      - Number of chromosomes
        
        Spermatogonium : 46
        Primary Spermatocyte : 46
        Secondary Spermatocyte : 23 Spermatid : 23
        Sperm : 23
    - - reduce testosterone levels and sex drive
      - cannabis can lower a man's sperm count, decrease the amount of semen and reduce sperm motility
  - - - Oogonium --(mitosis)-> P.Oocyte P.Oocyte --(meiosis 1)-> S.Oocyte S.Oocyte --(meiosis 2)-> Ootid Ootid --(maturation)-> Ovum
      - Number of chromosomes
        
        Oogonium : 46
        Primary Oocyte : 46 Secondary Oocyte : 23 Ootid : 23
        Ovum : 23
  - - - Changes in uterus
        
        During each menstrual cycle, an egg develops and is released from the ovaries. The lining of the uterus builds up. If a pregnancy doesn't happen, the uterine lining sheds during a menstrual period. Then the cycle starts again.
      - Menstrual cycle diagram
    - - 1.Primary oocytes
        2.Developing follicle
        3.Mature follicle
        4.Ovulation
        5.Corpus Luteum
        6.Degenerating Corpus Luteum
    - - once the pregnancy happen
        
        hormones will keep uterus lining from shedding
      - hormonal contraceptive
        
        Periods can be longer, shorter, heavier, or lighter, depending on the method of birth control. Spotting and irregular bleeding are common side effects of most methods of hormonal birth control, especially in the first few months of use.
- - - - Determine the body shape
      - Mineral storage (calcium, phosphorus)
      - Produce blood cells
      - Support the body
      - Protect the internal organs
    - - Active movement: pulling or pushing the bones
      - Contributes to the body shape
      - Support the body posture
      - Store glucose (as glycogen)
      - Generate body heat
  - - - Synarthrosis
        
        an immovably fixed joint between bones connected by fibrous tissue
      - Amphiarthrosis
        
        Slightly movable joint between bones connected by cartilage
      - Diarthrosis
        
        Hinge (e.g. elbow)
        
        Ball and socket (e.g. hip joint)
        
        Saddle (e.g. thumb)
        
        Plane (e.g. between tarsal bones)
        
        Pivot (e.g. joint in neck)
  - - - Neuromuscular junction
        
        highly specialized synapse between a motor neuron nerve terminal and its muscle fiber that are responsible for converting electrical impulses generated by the motor neuron into electrical activity in the muscle fibers
      - Transverse system tubules
        
        Invaginations of the muscle membrane that propagate signals throughout the entire muscle cell.
      - Sarcopasmic reticulum
        
        Membranes that uses calcium channel and pumps to control the level of calcium ions inside the muscle cell
    - - Protein filaments that build the sarcomere
        
        Actin
        
        actin filaments slide along the myosin filaments. This is driven by the heads of the myosin molecules, which bind to actin and, in a sequence of binding and release movements, 'walk' along the actin filament.
        
        Tropomyosin
        
        It covers the binding sites of myosin heads on actin.
        
        Myosin
        
        Myosin is the prototype of a molecular motor—a protein that converts chemical energy in the form of ATP to mechanical energy, thus generating force and movement.
        
        Troponin
        
        Its configuration is changed by calcium ion and in turn affects the configuration of tropomyosin.
      - Zones and bands
    - - The sliding filament theory explains the mechanism of muscle contraction based on muscle proteins that slide past each other to generate movement.
      - 1.Myosin head breaks ATP down into ADP and Pi
        2.Myosin head attaches to the binding site on actin, forming the
        cross-bridge.
        3.ADP and Pi are released from myosin head, causing the powerstroke movement
        4.New ATP attaches to myosin head, myosin head detaches from actin. (relaxation)
        5.back to no.1
    - - The hallmark symptoms of calcium deficiency are muscle cramps and spasms. Calcium helps muscles contract and relax. Muscles lacking calcium can no longer maintain their normal tone. This can lead to aches, cramps, spasms, and muscle weakness