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Authoritarianism and totalitarianism - Coggle Diagram
Authoritarianism and totalitarianism
Various factors contributed to the rise of
authoritarian
totalitarian
regimes
The power of the state increased
with state intervention in
economy
society
during the crisis of 1929
never happened before in the previous liberal democratic system
The war had aroused nationalist feeling
This was reinforced by
the economic crisis of 1929
the implementation of protectionist policies
New parties were formed
that represented the working masses
who were discontented
due to
low wages
land distribution
unemployment
The First World War
established habits of military organisation
a chain of command
comradeship
Many soldiers
found it difficult to adapt to civilian life
Authoritarian and totalitarian regimes characteristics
Politics
the government was an authoritarian dictatorship
There was a charismatic leader
who possessed absolute political power
a single political party which supported him
an anti-democratic government
in which there were no
political parties
trade unions
free elections
Citizens' rights were limited
no freedom of press
no right to meet and associate
no freedom of expression or to demonstrate
Foreign policy
these regimes pursued
an expansionist foreign policy
to gain
new markets
raw materials
new territories
Economy
the state intervened in and controlled the economy
Companies were nationalised
mines
railways
were managed and exploited by the state
banks
Public works programmes were set up
to reduce unemployment
imports were minimalised
to benefit national production
Society
all the classes of society supported the regime
because they
were controlled
were informed
by the state
believed that this system provided a solution to their problems
THE USSR: STALINISM
was the system of totalitarian government
which was established in the USSR
after Lenin's death in 1924
Joseph Stalin
eliminated all possible political rivals
took control of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Stalin's government characteristics
All political power was held by Stalin
He gained control of the CPSU
as secretary general and head of the government
He
set up a system in which the party leaders ran the country
approved the Constitution of 1936
which granted citizens' rights
as universal suffrage
maintained the CPSU as the only political party
he used
propaganda
to impose his dictatorship
repression
tried to spread communism across Europe
through the Komintern
through the coordination of the CPSU
with other communist parties in Europe
The economy was
controlled
by the state
means of production
became state property
planned
Stalin introduced a series of five-year plans
which aimed to achieve the rapid industrialisation of the USSR
The objectives of some of these plans
collectivisation of land
by expropriation of property by force
forced obligation of the workers to cultivate the land collectively
In a Sovkhoz
the land was owned by the state
the workers were paid a wage
In a Kolkhoz
the land was owned by the collective or cooperative
the workers received part of the harvest as a wage
The crops produced
were given to the state
for export in order to gain capital
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nationalisation of existing industries
investment in and creation of heavy industry
such as iron and steel
the production of capital goods
such as machinery and weaponry
the expense of consumer goods
such as
textiles
footwear
electrical appliances
the construction of hydraulic works
to increase the production of electricity
needed to supply industry
Stalin aimed to establish social equality
guaranteeing healthcare
education
housing for all citizens
there were differences between
the governing elite
with high incomes
the rest of the population
living on a minimum wage
in times of food shortages
the people went hungry
because agricultural production was destined for export
ITALIAN FASCISM
was the system of authoritarian government
established
by Benito Mussolini
in Italy
when he became head of the government in 1922
The constitutional monarchy of Victor Emmanuel III
was badly affected by the post-war economic crisis
made worse by
inflation
continual social unrest
with many strikes and protests
led by workers and peasants' trade unions
the creation of the Fasci
volunteer militias
with the support of the business owners
who helped maintain order in the streets
In 1919
Benito Mussolini
created the first Fasci combat groups
These were a paramilitary group
with an ultranationalist ideology
who opposed
the socialist parties
trade unions
In 1921
Mussolini formed the National Fascist Party
In October 1922
Mussolini led the March on Rome
which forced the government to step down
The king
asked Mussolini to form a government
Victor Emmanuel III
frustrated by the government's inability to end social unrest
Musolinis government
the monarchy was maintained
with Victor Emmanuel III as head of state
Mussolini, known as Il Duce
transformed the democratic state
into a dictatorship
In politics
in 1926
he transferred all power to himself
He was the leader of the only political party
head of the government
head of the army
All other parties
were prohibited
he persecuted those who opposed his regime
Parliament was replaced
by the Chamber of Fascists
made up of the supporters of the regime
foreign policy
he started Italian expansion into
Abyssinia
Ethiopia
Government intervention in the economy
particularly after the economic crisis of 1929
An autarky was set up
mines and the arms industry were nationalised
large scale public works projects were begun
Mussolini's social policies
put an end to the unrest
because he removed workers' rights
such as
the right to a union
the right to strike
He indoctrinated the population
through the education system
teachers were made to swear an oath of loyalty to the regime
he increased the birth rate
by offering subsidies to large families
NAZI GERMANY
Nazism was the system of dictatorship
established
in Germany
by Adolf Hitler
known as Führer
a totalitarian regime
which replaced the Weimar Democratic Republic
The triumph of totalitarianism in Germany
by the humiliation Germans felt over the
territorial
economic
conditions
imposed by the Treaty of Versailles
hyperinflation and high unemployment
the discontent among the population
with the democratic government that had signed the peace treaty
In 1921
Adolf Hitler became the leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party
known as the Nazi Party
They used the SS
a paramilitary group
to attack the opposition
especially workers' parties
Their political programme
was based mainly on the rejection of the Treaty of Versailles
After winning the elections in 1933
Hitler
was named Chancellor
established a dictatorship
In 1934
he was proclaimed head of state
he established the Third Reich
The Nazi Party
became the only legal political party
persecuted anyone who opposed it
foreign policy
Hitler began an expansionist policy
to recover German territories lost in the First World War
There was great economic development
Unemployment fell
due to
a programme of public works
the development of the arms industry
Hitler believed that the German Aryan race
was superior to other races
He was extremely anti-Semitic
and during the 1930s
German Jews were persecuted by the regime
In Germany, Italy and the USSR
authoritarian dictatorships came to power
power was concentrated in the hands of
a supreme leader
one ruling political party
In some cases
these evolved into totalitarian regimes