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C1 - Atomic structure - Coggle Diagram
C1 - Atomic structure
Electronic structures
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The number of electrons in the outermost shell of an elements atoms determines the way the element reacts.
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Because all the elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in their outer shell, they all react chemically in the same way.
Noble gases are in group 0 - very unreactive cause of a full outer shell - they all have 8 electrons in their outer shell except for helium which has 2.
Atoms
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The periodic table lists all the chemical elements, with 8 main groups.
An atom has a tiny nucleus at its center, surrounded by electrons.
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Chemical equations
State symbols give extra information in balanced symbol equations. (s), (l), (g), (aq) - aqueous solutions.
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Law conservation of mass
States that no atoms are lost or made during a chemical reaction, so the mass of the products equals the mass of reactants.
Sometime the law is broken because the mass appears to change - usually when gases are reactants or products.
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Sometimes substances increase in mass when heated in air - the extra mass is because oxygen from the air reacts.
Structure of the atom
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Protons have a relative charge of +1 and electrons have a relative charge of -1. Neutrons have no electric charge. They are neutral.
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Atoms are made of protons, neutrons and electrons.
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Ions, atoms & isotopes
You can represent the atomic number and mass number of an atom using the notion; 24/12 Mg, where magnesium's atomic number is 12 and is mass number is 24
Isotopes have identical chemical properties, but their physical properties can differ, e.g. density.
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Atoms of the same element always have the same number of protons but they can have different number of neutrons.
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Separating mixtures
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Processes
Crystallisation
Separates a solvent from soluble solids dissolved in the solvent, - e.g. salt (sodium chloride) from salt solution
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Filtration
Separate substances insoluble in a solvent from those that are soluble in the solvent. E.g. sand separated from salt solution.
Mixtures can be separated by physical means, such as filtration, crystallisation and simple distillation.
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History of the atom
Key ideas were proposed successfully by Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford and Bohr.
New evidence has been gathered by scientists who have their model of the atom to explain their observations and calculations.
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