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Peripherals
Parallel ports
Type of interface found in early computers made for connecting diverse peripherals. Transmitted over a parallel cable extending 6 feet (10 feet maximum), are sent multiple bits. To send those bits, parallel ports require multiple data lines in their cables and port connectors and tend to be larger than contemporary serial ports, which only need one data line.
The most common parallel connector is the DB-25, which had 25 pins, 16 of them were the 8 bits inputs and returns.
Wireless communications
Is a method of transmitting information from one point to other, without using any connection like wires, cables or any physical medium.
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that uses electromagnetic fields to identify objects or tags which contains some stored information. The range of RFID varies from about 10cm to 200m maximum and such a long difference makes the two range have names like short-range distance and long-range distance.
NFC (Near Field Communication) is a protocol used for enabling simple and safe two-way interactions between electronic devices. It has mostly smartphone-based applications like allowing contactless payment transactions, accessing digital content, and connecting various electronic devices.
ZigBee has features similar to the the Bluetooth technology. But it follows the IEEE 802.15.4 standard and is a high-level communication protocol. It has some advantages similar to Bluetooth i.e. low-power consumption, robustness, high security, and high scalability.
Bluetooth is a technology used for exchanging data wirelessly over short distances and is preferred over various IoT network protocols. It uses short-wavelength UHF radio waves of frequency ranging from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz in the ISM band.
Z-Wave is a communication protocol specially designed for Home Automation products and it is also known as a low-power RF communications technology. The data packets are exchanged at data rates of 100kbps maximum and the protocol operates at a frequency of 900 MHz in the ISM band.
Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is the most popular IoT communication protocol for wireless local area networks (WLAN) that utilizes the IEEE 802.11 standard through 2.4 GHz UHF and 5 GHz ISM frequencies. Wi-Fi provides Internet access to devices that are within the range of about 20 - 40 meters from the source.
LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) has applications for long distances and is designed to provide low-power communication in IoT, M2M applications. It has a capacity of connecting millions of devices with data rates ranging from 0.3 kbps to 50 kbps.
Serial ports
A serial port allows the transmission of one bit at a time. This interface is usually used for the connection of the keyboard or the mouse (mouse) to the computer (computer).
I2C Inter-Integrated Circuit is a serial data bus developed in 1982 by Philips Semiconductors. It is mainly used internally for communication between different parts of a circuit, for example between a controller and peripheral integrated circuits.
USART, stands for Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter, in Spanish: Universal Asynchronous Transmitter-Receptor, is the device that controls serial ports and devices. It is built into the motherboard or adapter card of the device.
RS-232, also known as EIA/TIA RS-232C, is an interface designating a standard for binary serial data exchange between a DTE, such as a computer, and a DCE, such as a modem.
Ethernet is a standard for local area networks for computers, for its acronym in Spanish Multiple Access with Listening on Carrier and Collision Detection.
USB. It is the most widely used serial port today to connect peripherals of all kinds to a computer.
Its interface is enough with 4 conductors of which one supplies voltage at 5V, two of them are responsible for uploading and downloading data and the last one is the ground connection.
A peripheral (also called "I/O device" ) is an external device that provides input and-or output information from a computer.
In other words, peripherals are devices that can be easily removed and plugged into a computer system.
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