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Chapter 10 - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 10
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Contexts of translation
In Mexico, the most famous of translators was La Malinche, the Indigenous interpreter for the Spanish conquistadors who conquered the region under Hernán Cortés.
In the many multilingual cities, towns and villages of the world, translation is a daily communication tool, more often than not oral.
Translation also happens in language classrooms all over the planet as an inevitable component of learning, sometimes under the guidance of the teacher, but probably more often involuntarily.
For linguists working to understand languages which are not well known outside the communities where they are spoken, translation is a fundamental tool, used to analyse the way the language works.
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Translation
Communication between speakers who don’t share a common language is a universal, and – so far! – permanent problem faced by humanity, and thus falls within the scope of applied linguistics.
Translation Studies is the academic field concerned with the systematic study of the theory and practice of translation and interpreting.
Types of translation
Reader-focused types.
- Functional: Seeks to render the functions of the SL text.
- Communicative: Seeks to communicate the original expresser’s message.
- Text-based: The translation process operates on the meaning of the whole text.
- Shift: Modifies the content of the SL text in the interests of the reader’s localized cultural knowledge and needs.
- Domesticating: Adapts the translation to local conditions.
Text-focused types.
- Formal: Seeks to render as close as possible the form of the SL text.
- Semantic: Seeks to render the literal meaning of the original text, leaving unexpressed any meaning which was only implicit in the original.
- Word-based: The translation process operates on the level of the sentence.
- Equivalence: The translation does not contain any meaning which is not in the original.
- Foreignizing: The translation maintains as many elements of the SL and source culture as possible, even when the result does not sound colloquial in the TL or familiar in the target culture.
The translation process
What kind of translation products are possible? The unmagical process has been described as having three distinct stages.
- Comprehension of the original SL text, the end (product of which is a non-linguistic, conceptual representation in short-term memory).
- Expression of the comprehended message in the TL.
- Revision of the TL text on the basis of a re-reading of the SL text and deeper consideration of the TL-speaking audience.