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An Experiment in Absolutism, 1629-40 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - francis, lord cottington
        
        henry montagu, earl of manchester
        
        sir thomas, lord coventry
        
        william juxton, bishop of london
        
        william laud, archbishop of canterbury
        
        first lord of the treasury (1635-40)
        
        sir thomas wenworth
        
        2 more items...
        
        lord treasurer (1635-40)
        
        lord keeper of the great seal (1625-40)
        
        keeper of the privy seal (1628-40)
        
        1628 joined privy council, chancellor of the exchequer (1629-40)
        
        master of the court of wards (1635-40)
      - lord treasurer of england (1628-35)
  - - - 1629 - peace with france
        
        1630 - peace with spain
        
        1631 - book of orders
        
        1635 - revised book of rates
        
        1635 - ship money levied nation wide
        
        1637 - hampden case
  - - - the court of high commission
        
        this was technically the chief court of the church and could pass cases onto the star chamber
      - regional councils
        
        the council of the north enforced royal control far way from london
      - star chamber
        
        a court made up of privy councillors
        
        charles could move common court cases to here
        
        useful to attack those who disagreed with charles
        
        couldn't impose death penalty
      - privy council
        
        could function as a prerogative court
      - during personal rule, charles couldn't enact any new laws but he could change how laws were interpretated
    - - thorough
        
        william laud + thomas wentworth used their authority to impose strict standards on sheriffs, JP's, bishops and judges
      - the book of orders (january 1631)
        
        a long established mean of communication between the crown and government
        
        it outlined more professional working practices for JP's...
        
        JP's to convene a monthly meeting of enforcement officials
        
        JP's to send monthly reports about their meetings to the sheriff
        
        Sheriffs to report from the JP's to circuit judges
        
        1 more item...
  - - - charles needed to cut expenditure in two ways...
        
        reduce spending on foreign affairs by concluding peace with france (1629) and spain (1630)
        
        reduce the drastic spending on charles' household
    - - customs duty
        
        tax on imports and exports e.g tonnage + poundage
        
        in 1635 a new book of rates updated official valuations
        
        raised £425,000 a year after 1635
      - enclosure fines
        
        fines on landowners for illegally enclosing
      - recusancy fines
        
        fines on those who refused to attend church
        
        raised £26,866 in 1634
      - distraint of knighthood
        
        anyone holding land that earned more than £40 a year had to be knighted
      - forest fines
        
        fines for anyone who had extended their boundaries into royal forests
      - monopolies
        
        charles earned £33,000 from just one monopoly
      - building fines
        
        fines for anyone building beyond the boundaries of a town
      - wardships
        
        the crown could administer the estate of an heir under 21
        
        earned £84,000 in 1640
    - - a prerogative form of income that charles could levy on coastal towns to provide emergency funds
        
        in 1635, charles extended ship money to the whole of england which raised roughly £300,000 yearly
      - the hampden case
        
        in november 1637, sir john hampden (a puritan mp) was taken to court for failing to pay his ship money dues
        
        the verdict in the case was close with 5 out of 12 judges ruling ship money as unlawful
        
        by 1639, charles could only collect 25% of the full value of ship money due to refusals
- - - - by the end of the 1630's most protestants identified laudianism as a common enemy
      - distinctive features of laudianism
        
        set prayers and rituals enforced more rigidly
        
        priority on prayer over preaching
        
        direct challenge to puritans who prioritised preaching
        
        status and role of ministers
        
        more like catholic priests
        
        renewed emphasis on sacraments (the altar)
        
        catholic like
        
        the physical setting of the church
        
        decorated in catholic manor
        
        activity on sundays is for the church to decide
        
        direct challenge to puritan view
    - - scotland stuck to their own presbyterian tradition and even wore different garmants at James' funeral
      - charles showed a terrible lack of awareness of the balance that needed to be maintained between the two churches
      - the beauty of holiness
        
        shortly after becoming king, charles attempted to take back old scottish church lands
        
        at charles' scottish coronation the church was also decorated in a manor that shocked the church
      - conformity
        
        in 1629, all scottish subjects were told they had to take a knee which has links to catholicism
        
        in 1636, charles published a new set of scottish cannons
        
        these cannons were to be imposed on the church without scottish consent
        
        bishops were given their authority from a formal ceremony of consecration, not by other ministers which was the presbyterian way
        
        new prayer book which everyone had to use
  - - - laudianism changed the beliefs and practices specific to puritanism
      - laudianism looked dangerously close to catholicism and raised fears of charles' intents
    - - 1633 book of sports
        
        laud re-issued the 1618 book of sports which suggests a range of activities to be done on sundays and directly challenges the purita belief that sunday is a day of religion
      - 1633, abolition of the feofees for impropriations
        
        this stopped puritans buying tithes and gaining control of churches
    - - throughout the 1630's fears rose that there was an attempt from catholics to overthrow englands protestant church
    - - many puritans emigrated to american colonies in order to escape laudianism
    - - these pamphlets described bishops in a bad manor and opposed laudianism
      - most were anonymous but some prominent pamphleteers included john bastwick and william prynne
    - - the puritan pamphleteers
      - the providence island company
      - the hampden circle
- - - - 1631 - new book of orders issued
        
        1633 - wentworth becomes lord deputy of ireland
        
        1633 - new book of rates issued in ireland
        
        1634 - anglican 39 articles introduced to ireland
        
        1634 - irish parliament grants six subsidies
        
        1639 - wentworth recalled to england
  - - - however, after his appointment to president of the council of the north he became a dedicated servant of the king
        
        was protestant but not puritan and wasn't worried about charles' religious ideas
  - - - wentworth and lauds policy which enforced charles' policy through royal officials
      - they believed corruption should be rooted out of public life and order should be returned to the church and state
    - - wentworth embodied thorough and the 1631 book of orders improved the lives of the poor jurastically
      - the north were not prepared for this imposition of central government and gentry families resented their loss of power
    - - the previous lord deputy had agreed to grant a few concessions in return for a £120,000 in 3 subsidies from ireland
      - it was expected that wentworth would respect this agreement but he collected the subsidies and held meetings addressing finance + grievances but never addressed the Graces
  - - - he had 3 main goals...
        
        1) to impose the authority of the english crown
        
        2) to impose laudianism
        
        3) to make ireland profitable for charles
  - - - by 1939, wentworth had made ireland profitable, effectively administered and with a reformed church. But this came at a cost as every irish group in society had been negatively impacted but there was no real opposition
        
        wentworths ruthless supression allowed him to act swiftly when opposition did occur
    - - by the 1630's, opposition to the personal rule was very visible...
        
        the hampden case
        
        the trial and punishment of prynee, bastwick + burton was talked about everywhere
        
        charles' advisors circle began to shrink
- - - - 23 july - prayer book riot, st giles cathedral
        
        november - formation of the tables
        
        1638 - feb - non conformity made treasonous
        
        feb - scottish national covenant
        
        nov - suspension prayer book + cannons
        
        1639 - april - oath of allegiance in york
        
        1 more item...
  - - - religious radicalism surged between 1640-60
  - - - some priests went out into the street with pistols and there were many riots + uprisings lead by well known presbyterian
        
        there were also many petitions against it
        
        however, in february 1638, charles made it treasonous to protest the prayer book
    - - in response to this, a small group in scottish parliament known as 'the tables' drew up a national covenant in february 1638
        
        this was a solemn promise to oppose charles' transformation of the kirk
        
        hundreds of thousands of scots put their name into the covenant and they became known as the covenanters
        
        instead of backing down, charles persisted with his policy and called the covenanters "traitors"
    - - covenanters
        
        rapid at mobilising army
        
        locals paid high taxes willingly to fund war
        
        experienced army from 30 years war
        
        12,000 men
        
        well disciplined + highly motivated
      - kings army
        
        patchy + slow mobilisation
        
        little to no finance due to the rejection from the public
        
        soldiers were forced into army
        
        15,000 men
        
        disorderly + ill-prepared
      - pacification of berwick
        
        the english army gathered at Berwick-Upon-Tweed whilst the scottish army gathered 12 miles away in Duns
        
        when the english cavalry ran ahead and saw the scots they turned back and told stories about the size of the scottish army
        
        charles then negotiated the pacification of berwick on the 18th june 1639 which agreed for both sides to disband their armies and charles agreed to recall the scottish general assembly + scottish parliament
    - - despite the pacification, neither sides disbanded their army and the situation was still aflame
        
        charles renewed the war and ordered a muster of troops in york
        
        the scottish army then launched a pre-emptive attack on northumberland in july 1640
        
        the covenanters then took newcastle and began marching on york
        
        the english army was leaderless and the covenanters were also in contact with opponents of the king
        
        charles called the council of peers who suggested he makes peace with the scots
        
        1 more item...
      - impact in england
        
        anxiety
        
        rallied up puritans
        
        some hoped the wars would encourage charles to recall parliament
      - impact in scotland
        
        a group of scottish nobles developed who expressed their loyalty to charles and were alarmed by the radical covenanters