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Organic Chemistry - Coggle Diagram

- - - - HYDRATION: H2O is added, forming an alcohol
        
        HYDROGENATION: H2 IS ADDED FORMING ALKANE
- - - - 1) INITIATION
        
        Halogen Bond (CL-CL or (BR-BR) is broken by UV energy to form to radicals in a homolytic fission reaction
        
        Meaning each atom takes one electron from the Bond when they split.
        
        [Cl-Cl --UV--> 2CL'] NOTE: ' represents electron
        [Br-Br --UV--> 2Br']
      - 2) PROPAGATION
        
        Radicals create further radicals in a CHAIN TYPE REACTION - FREE RADICALS ARE VERY REACTIE, AND THEY WILL ATTACK UNREACTIVE ALKANES
        
        C-H bonds break homolytically (each atom gets an electron)
        
        Alkyl free radical is produced, which can then attack ANOTHER cl/br to frm the HALOGENOALKANE and regenerate the Cl/Br free radical
        The free radical can then repeat the cycle
        If there is enough cl/br present, hydrogens in an alkane will eventually ALL get substituted.
        
        Example CH3CH3 + CL' --> 'CH2CH3 + HCL 'CH2CH3+CL2 --> CH3CH2Cl + Cl'
        (Halogenoalkane called: Chloroethane)
        (If it were Br instead, it would be called Bromoethane)
      - 2) PROPAGATION
        
        Radicals create further radicals in a CHAIN TYPE REACTION - FREE RADICALS ARE VERY REACTIE, AND THEY WILL ATTACK UNREACTIVE ALKANES
        
        C-H bonds break homolytically (each atom gets an electron)
        
        Alkyl free radical is produced, which can then attack ANOTHER cl/br to frm the HALOGENOALKANE and regenerate the Cl/Br free radical
        
        The free radical can then repeat the cycle
        
        If there is enough cl/br present, hydrogens in an alkane will eventually ALL get substituted.
  - - - Alcohols are burnt in EXCESS oxygen; all carbon and hydrogen atoms are OXIDISED to CO2 and H2O
      - Example: Combustion of OCTANE
        
        2C8H18+25O --> 16CO2 +18H20
    - - Alkane is burnt with LIMITED oxygen, which results in only parts of the CARBON being oxidised, this produces CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) which is incredibly dangerous and attacks haemoglobin in blood cells, preventing them from bonding with oxygen cells which is necessary for human survival. Carbon is produced in the form of SOOT during incomplete combustion.
      - Hydrogen is not produced as it always preferentially oxidises in available oxygen as opposed to Carbon
      - Example: Incomplete Combustion of OCTANE
        
        2C8H18 +9O2 --> 16C + 18H2O
- - - - - Same Molecular Formula but longest Carbon chain is different
    - - - Differences in the position of a functional group- Functional group is located on different atoms. Example: Butan-1-ol and Butan-2-ol
    - - - Different Functional Groups result in the same molecular formula - Different chemical and physical properties because of different functional groups, but have the same moleculr formula. Example: Butan-1-ol and Ethoxyethane