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Authoritarianism and totalitarianism
Authoritarian dictatorships came to power in
Germany, Italy and the USSR
Power was concentrated in
The hands of a supreme leader
One ruling political party
These evolved into totalitarian regimes
FACTORS
The First World War had established habits of military organisation
The war had aroused nationalist feeling
This was reinforced
By the economic crisis of 1929
The implementation of protectionist policies.
The power of the state increased with state intervention in economy and society
New parties were formed
They represented the working masses
They were discontent because of
unemployment
low wages
land distribution
CHARACTERISTICS
Politics
The government was an authoritarian dictatorship
There was a charismatic leader
He possessed absolute political power
A single political party supported him
There was an anti-democratic government
There were no
political parties
trade unions
free elections
Citizen's rights
there was no freedom of press
There was no right to meet and associate
There was no freedom of expression or to demonstrate
Foreign policy
They pursued an expansionist foreign policy to gain...
New territories
new markets
Raw materials
Economy
The state intervened in and controlled the economy
Companies were nationalised
Public works programmes were set up to reduce unemployment
Imports were minimalised to benefit national production
Society
Almost all the classes of society supported the regime
They believed that this system provided a solution to their problems
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DEMOCRACIES AND AUTHORITARIAN REGIMES
Democracies
Rights and liberties
Individual rights and liberties are guaranteed.
Political parties
A number of political parties
Equality
All citizens are equal
Authoritarian regimes
Rights and liberties
Rights were given to groups, not to individuals
Equality
Social inequality
Political parties
One political party
THE USSR: STALINISM
Stalinism was the system of totalitarian government
Joseph Stalin eliminated all possible political rivals and took control of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Government characteristics
All political power was held by Stalin
He gained control of the...
CPSU as secretary general
Head of the government
He set up a system where the party leaders ran the country
He approved the Constitution of 1936
Granted citizens rights like universal suffrage
He maintained the CPSU as the only political party
He used propaganda and repression to impose his dictatorship
He tried to spread communism across Europe
Through the Komintern
The economy was planned and controlled by the state
Means of production became state property
Stalin introduced five-year plans to achieve the rapid industrialisation of the USSR
Collectivisation of land by
Expropriation of property by force
Forced obligation of the workers to cultivate the land collectively
Sovkhoz
The land was owned by the state
The workers were paid a wage
Kolkhoz
the land was owned by the collective or cooperative
The workers received part of the harvest as a wage
nationalisation of
Existing industries and investment in
Creation of heavy industry
The production of capital goods
the construction of hydraulic works
To increase the production of electricity needed
To supply industry
The aim to establish social equality
Guaranteeing
education
For all citizens
housing
healthcare
There were differences between the governing elite
The people went hungry because agricultural production was destined for export
ITALIAN FASCISM
Fascism was the system of authoritarian government
Established by Benito Mussolini
In Italy when he became head of the government in 1922
The constitutional monarchy of Victor Emmanuel III was badly affected by the post-war economic crisis,
Many strikes and protests led by workers and peasants trade unions took place
Because of inflation and continual social unrest
Caused by the bad effect that had the post-war economic crisis in the constitutional monarchy of Victor Emmanuel III
This led to the creation of the Fasci
FASCI
Volunteer militias who helped maintain order in the streets
The first Fasci combat groups were created
They were a paramilitary group with an ultranationalist ideology
They opposed
the socialist parties
trade unions
MUSOLINI
In 1921
Mussolini formed ...
The National Fascist Party
In October 1922
Mussolini led the March on Rome
Because of frustration of the government's inability to end social unrest
CONSEQUENCES
This forced the government to step down
Victor Emmanuel III, THE KING, proposed Mussolini to form a government
Victor Emmanuel III was as head of state and Mussolini,as the leader
They transformed the democratic state into a dictatorship
MEASURES
Economy
4 more items...
Social Policies
3 more items...
Politics
3 more items...
NAZI GERMANY
It was the system of dictatorship established
By Adolf Hitler in Germany
It was a totalitarian regime
It replaced the Weimar Democratic Republic
The triumph of totalitarianism in Germany
The humiliation Germans felt over the territorial and economic conditions
Imposed by the Treaty of Versailles
Hyperinflation and high unemployment
The discontent among the population with the democratic government
Who had signed the peace treaty
1921
Adolf Hitler became the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party
Commonly known as the Nazi Party
They used a paramilitary group to attack the opposition
Especially workers parties
Their political programme was based
On the rejection of the Treaty of Versailles
1933
Hitler was named Chancellor. He established a dictatorship
MEASURES
Great economic development
Unemployment fell due to
A programme of public works
The development of the arms industry
Hitler was extremely anti-Semitic
During the 1930s German Jews were persecuted by the regime
1934
he was proclaimed head of state
he established the Third Reich
The Nazi Party was the only legal political party
They persecuted anyone who opposed it
Foreign policy
Hitler began an expansionist policy to recover German territories
