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The left-wing or reformist biennium, image, image, image, image, image -…
The left-wing or reformist biennium
(1931–1933)
During the left-wing biennium
the government
was made up of
republicans from various
political parties
Niceto Alcalá Zamora
was named president of the Republic
One of the first measures
they carried out was to
write a new Constitution
1931
It was one of the most
progressive constitutions
in Europe
in terms of the extensive
citizens' rights it contained
such as
universal suffrage
A number of significant
reforms were made
during these years
Manuel Azaña
became head of the government
Military reforms:
the Azaña law
reduced the excessive
number of army officers
prioritised promotion based
on academic qualifications
rather than military achievements
The aim of this law
was to
reduce army's
political power
modernise it
Many military leaders
opposed this change
Agricultural reform:
large agricultural estates
were expropriated
The landowners
opposed this policy
its slow implementation
generated discontent among
the rural working class
began to occupy land
in Andalucía
other regions
in protest
the land was divided
among landless peasants
who became
small landowners
Educational reforms:
was established
secular
mixed gender
compulsory
free education system
Pedagogical missions
were created
with the aim of taking
culture to rural areas
The church
which until that time
had provided
primary
secondary
education
felt that this reform
was an attack on Catholicism
Labour reforms:
the Law of Labour Contracts
forced business owners
to negotiate working conditions
with the trade unions
UGT
CNT
in order to avoid strikes
was established
The eight-hour working day
a minimum wage
paid holidays
Business owners were
opposed to these reforms
Territorial reforms:
Cataluña was given
a statute of autonomy
These measures
were considered to be
an attack on the integrity of
Spanish territory
by right-wing politicians
the process of autonomy
was begun for
Euskadi
Galicia
In 1933
in one of these confrontations
in Casas Viejas
Cádiz
peasants were killed
by security forces
This increased the
government's unpopularity
which was blamed for
the deaths of the peasants
Manuel Azaña
resigned as
head of government
The reforms
caused
discontent in extreme
right-wing political groups
provoked an attempted
military coup in 1932
which failed
were not accepted
by the most radical left-wing
groups
communists
anarchists
there were many
strikes
confrontations
with security forces
