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(Health, Genetics, Natural selection and genetic modification) - Coggle…

- - - - Cholera is caused by a bacteria called vibrio cholerae. its effect is that it causes diarrhorea when drank out of unsanitary waters. it can spread through dirty or unsafe water,
    - - TB is caused by a bacteria known as macrobacterium TB and affects the lungs by causing cuffing and lung damage, For this reason , it is airborne.
    - - Malaria is caused by a protist and causes damage to the blood and the liver. It is spread through the animal vector of a mosquito.
    - - HIV is caused by a virus and stands for human immunodiefficy virus, it functions by destroying all the white blood cells and leads to AIDS which is even more deadlier. HIV is caused through the transmission of body fluids.
    - - It is caused by a fungus and it causes the loss of leaves and the bark to from lesions. it is airborne.
  - - - A Virus is a very small pathogen that moves into the cell and uses its biochemistry and copies of itself. This leads to the cell bursting and releasing all of the copies into the bloodstream. This damages the cell and cases the individual to feel ill.
      - Bacteria are small micro organisms that infect a host and then multiply very quickly, they then divide through binary fission to produce toxins that can harm the cells.
      - Fungi can be either single celled or have a body made of hyphae. This produces spores which can spread to other organisms,
      - Protists are parasitic - meaning they use humans and animals as hosts - and live inside , causing damage.
  - - - HIV is caused by a virus that attack's immune system. it increases the susceptibility to other infections and increases severe illnesses and death if untreated,
      - Chlamydia is transferred through a bacteria and the only symptoms of it are that it includes painful urination and pelvic pains. if left untreated , it can lead to infertility,
  - - - Lysosomes are found in white blood cells and are used to kill and digest bacteria.
      - HCL is found in the stomach and it kills bacteria in food reaching the stomach to prevent an infection,
    - - Mucus is produced by the goblet cells in the airways and the mucus is used to trap bacteria and pathogens before they reach the lungs and cause an infection.
      - Celia is formed by ciliated epithelial cells and they waft away mucus that has trapped pathogens to be killed by stomach acid.
      - Skin cells provide a physical barrier against pathogens by protecting the tissue and cells beneath them form infection.
  - - - Chalara dieback ash causes the malformations and browning of leaves.
      - Tobacco mosaic virus casues the decoloration of leaves.
      - Bacterial crankier on fruits causes them to lose leaves, them to be stunted and the formation of pus-field lesions.
- - - - The first two stages of meiosis are the same as mitosis creating 2 diploid cells that are identical. However , meiosis goes further beyond , creating 4 generically varied cells that share 25% of the genetic information.
  - - - Plants
    - - Animals
        
        Growth occurs via cell division and differentiation. Specialized cells are cells that have a specific function.
- - - - Speciation states for speciation to occur , there must be variation within a population as a result of genetic mutations. Alleles which provide a survival advantage are selected through natural selection. Over time , the populations become isolated due to physical barrior etc. Different alleles may be advent seed in an environment , leading to them being selected for. Over time , the selection of different alleles will increase the genetic variation between two populations, This will lead to the two groups being no longer able to breed. When this happens, they are known as a species,
    - - Variation exists within species as a result of DNA. Organisms with characteristics most suited to the environment are more like to survive and reproduce. This can be called survival of the fittest. the beneficial characteristics are then passed onto the next generation. Over many generations , the frequency of alleles that is beneficial increases with the population.
  - - - It goes as follows. Bacteria reproduce at a fast rate. Mutations during reproduction results in new genes. Eventually , a bacteria with antibiotic resistance will be formed. It will then reproduce and pass on the advantageous gene. over time , the population of the antibiotic resistant bacteria will increase. Bacterial diseases spread rapidly through binary fission.
  - - - Ardi 0 the oldest known human ancestor. she is estimated to have lived 4.4 million years ago. Her fossil skeletons contains hominid features but also resemble an ape. The bine structure of ardi , however , is different.
      - Lucy is a fossilized skeleton that was found 3.2 million years ago, her bone structure suggested that she walked upright in a human like posture. However , the skill shape was small which suggested that it had more of a chimelike brain.
      - Homo Habibis was a hominid species that was found near the remints of stone tools.
    - - stone
        
        Early stone tools were basic pebble tools which were created by smashing two rocks together, These rocks only had a simple use.
        
        Late date stone tools were more advanced and used arrowheads , spears and hooks. They could be used to preform more advance tasks such as catching fish.
        
        Dating methods.
        
        Radiometric carbon dating - looks at the natural radioactive decay of an isotope of carbon 14 and then estimates how long ago that organism lived.
        
        Stratifying rock layers - this is looking at the layers of sediment in which the rocks can be found and the lower the fossil is in the rock layer , the older the fossil.
  - - - Can causes the development of super crops to be formed.
      - Can cause a small genepool
      - Inbreeding is a major problem