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paper 2, APPROACHES - Coggle Diagram
paper 2
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psychodynamic approach
role of the unconscious = Freud dedicated a part of the mind that was inaccessible named this the unconscious and used the metaphor of an iceberg to describe the mind
structure of the personality = id - demands immediate gratification, ego - mediates between the demands of the id and the morality of the superego, the superego = the guilt, parental standards
defence mechanisms - people use defence mechanisms in order to avoid the anxiety or negative thoughts or feelings that are related to that event = denial - refusing to accept the traumatic event has happened, displacement - redirecting the thoughts or feelings from the traumatic event at an innocent victim or object, repression - pushing the feelings down and pretending they didn't happen
psychosexual stages - oral= 0-18m anal=18m-3years phallic = 3 years - 6years latent = 6- puberty genital = puberty
AO3 = gender bias- his views on women sexuality did not differ from mens, his views on women was underdeveloped- used case studies for all of his research so not generalisable and FINISH
humanistic approach
Rogers - free will = having the ability to control ones outcome and own fate/destiny- congruence = in order to reach ones ideal self the current self must be congruent with it- conditions of worth= unconditional positive regard compared to conditional positive regard, if a child receives conditional positive regard and love as a child it will have an affect on their relationships later in life and can cause psychological issues
AO3 - NAME = evidence for conditions of worth - investigated in adeolesents and found that children who receive conditional positive regard ending up disliking themselves
counselling = humanistic councillors provide unconditional positive regard to the patient and acts more as guides for patients helping them reach self actualisation
maslows hierarchy of needs = self actualisation, esteem, love/belonging, safety, psychological - move up each step of the heirarchy to reach the next one and finally reach self actualisation
AO3 - culturally bias - mallows heirachy doesn't apply to all cultures, collectivist cultures will not have self actualisation at the top of their heirachy- as they care more about the well being of the group over individual achcievements - does not take into consideration the nature of environmental factors FINISH
social learning theory
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behaviour is learned from observing a models behaviour - in order for SLT to take place the individual must be able to identify with the model this means to be similar to the model in some way e.g. hair colour, age, gender, race. once this is prevalent he indiviual can imitate the models behaviour additionally if the individual observes the model receiving positive reinforcement for there behaviours it indicates to the individual that they too will receive similar positive reinforcement for that behaviour - increasing the chance that they will imitate the behaviour.
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Banduras research - bandora used children in a study to investigate SLT - the children were split into two groups, half watched a group of adults act violently (physically and verbally abuse) the Bodo doll ( these children were shown toys and weren't allowed to play with them) and half watched adults interact nicely with the doll. one half was aggressive w Bodo doll and the other half was not
behaviourist approach
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pavlov and classical conditioning - used dogs to investigate how behaviour is learned - he identified that a reflex response such as salivation is produced with the introduction of stimuli e.g. bowl =UCS AND UCS when an NS is paired with an UCS consistently then the NS takes on the same properties and responses as the UCS eroding th same UCR this then makes the NS the CS and the UCR the CR so the same response occurs without the presses of the UCS and just in the presence of the now CS
Skinner and operant conditioning - skinner investigated how.a behaviour is maintained, he used rats in a cage both a level and food droplets - he identified that positive and negative reinforcement as well as punishments are the key features to maintaining or dismaying a behaviour- rats accidntly stood on lever and food drops out = positive reinforcement over time they did it on purpose.
AO3 - animal studies - humans brains and their complex behaviours are not the same as rats behaviours or even dogs behaviours so using animal studies to identify such complex human functions such as behaviour is VALIDIY
hemispheric lateralisation = the left hemisphere is dominant in language whereas the right is dominant in visual motor tasks, the way that the brain can recive information perceived in the opposite hemisphere is due to the bundle of nerve fibres which connect the two hemispheres called the corpus callosum. This is cut in individuals who suffer from severe eplilepsy to stop the electrical impulses travelling between hemispheres
split brain research = Sperry and Gazzaniga were the first to research the ability of split brain patients. They tested this by making individuals fixate on a dot in the middle of a screen, they then flashed information to either their left or right visual field which is processed by the opposite hemisphere, they were then asked to respond with what they say, when something was flashed to the right hemisphere they were able to say what they saw but not with the left .
EVALUATION = language may not just be left hemisphere JW was a patient who could talk about info presented to both, the study was done with 1-3 patients so not generalisable as they all had the same condition, immune system may be linked tennoson
localisation of brain function -
- Motor cortex = posterior portion of the frontal lobe along the pre-central gyrus, controls voluntary movement
- Somatosensory = posterior portion of the frontal lobe along the post central gyrus, responsible for detecting environmental stimuli from the skins receptors and translating it into sensations
- Visual cortex = occipital lobe, light directs to photoreceptors in the retina which ten traces to visual centre through optic nerve
- Auditory = both temporal lobes, sounds waves in cochlea trestle into nerve impulses sent to the brain
- Broca areas = in the frontal left lobe, is responsible for the production of speech
- Wernickes area = in the left temporal lobe, is responsible for understanding speech
EVALUATION = communication may be more important than localisation, aphasia patients in support of language centres , lashely and equipotentiality
plasticity = refers to the ability for a brain to develop and change due to new experiences and introduction of new environmental stimuli, new nerve pathways are developed or strengths and ones that aren't used die off
- boys looked into this and taught 60 year olds how to judge and looked and the new pathways that have strengthen or developed
- playing video games Kuhn had a control group and a group that competed and practised twice a day for 3 mins for 2 months, individuals who practised had advanced grey matter in the cerebellum and hippocampus and better visual motor tasks than the control group
- meditation davidson studied Tibetan monks and and their meditation compared to a controlled group and found that when meditating monks had more gamma wave activity showing that meditation not only changed their brains in short term but also long term
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