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AUTHORITARIANISM AND TOTALITARISM
In
Germany
came to power
authoritarian dictatorships
these regimes
power was concentrated
in the hands
of a supreme leader
one ruling political party
some cases
these evolved into
totalitarian regimes
Italy
USSR
factors contributed to the rise:
The First World War
had established habits
of military organisation
such as
a chain of command
comradeship
Many soldiers
found it difficult to adapt
to civilian life after
they returned from the war
The war had aroused
nationalist feeling
defending the nation
from foreign threats
This was reinforced
by the
economic crisis of 1929
the implementation of
protectionist policies
The power of the state
increased
with state intervention
in economy
society during
the crisis of 1929
This had never happened
before in the previous
liberal democratic system
New parties
were formed
that represented
the working masses
who were discontented
due to
unemployment
low wages
land distribution
Methods used to safeguard their power:
Propaganda
through the
press
radio
posters
was used to
promote its ideology
censure opposition
was monopolised
by the state
Culture
such as:
education
literature
theatre
art
cinema
was also controlled
by the state
the aim was to instil
a code of behaviour
political
social
family
A policy of repression
used secret police ( and the
the Gestapo
in Germany
KGB
in the USSR
civil servants belonging to
the party to find people
who
opposed the system
were then
arrested
deported
sent to labour camps
executed
Violence was used
by the
army
paramilitary groups
armed groups of civilians
such as the Fasci
Blackshirts
in Italy
the SS
assault division / Brownshirts
in Germany
to control anyone
who opposed the
state's ideology
common characteristics:
Politics:
the government was
an authoritarian dictatorship
There was a charismatic leader
who
possessed absolute
political power
a single political party
which supported him
It was therefore
an anti-democratic government
in which there were
no political parties
no trade unions
no free elections
Citizens' rights
were limited:
there was no
freedom of press
no right to
meet
associate
no freedom
of expression
to demonstrate
Foreign policy:
these regimes pursued
an expansionist foreign policy
to gain
new markets
raw materials
new territories
Economy:
the state
intervened
controlled
in the economy
Companies
were nationalised:
mines
railways
banks
were
managed
exploited
by the state
Public works programmes
were set up to
reduce unemployment
imports were minimalised
to benefit national production
Society:
almost all the classes of society
supported the regime
because
they believed that this
system provided a solution
to their problems
they were
controlled
informed
by the state
