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PRAGMATIC, PRAGMATICS 2, example of structural presuppositions: - Coggle…
PRAGMATIC
Deixis
ng nói và ng nghe phải ở 1 context chung thì mới hiểu được các deixis đó là gì
dựa vào mốc hành động phát ngôn của người nói (người nói – lúc nói – nơi nói).
personal deixis
(people, things): I, you, she, it, this, these boxes...
Social deixis:
cách xưng hô, gọi nhau trong các context => thể hiện mối quan hệ xã hội giữa speaker và listener
Temporal Deixis
: về thời gian: now , then , last week, yesterday,...
Spatial Deixis
: về không gian: here, there, near that...
Discoursal Deixis
: use in textual cho smooth, coherence: ‘
to begin with, first, next, in the following paragraph, last but not least, etc
.’
Context
Physical
context
place diễn ra cuộc nch, object nào đc present, action nào đang diễn ra, time...
A: Where’s the cheese sandwich sitting?
B: He’s over there by the window
→ In a restaurant.
Epistemic
context
speaker's background knowledge
Linguistic
context
=
Co-text
dựa vào tập các từ cùng xuất hiện trong câu -> mới hiểu được nghĩa của từ đó
ex: pupil: nếu xuất hiện cùng "teacher, classmate.." thì hiểu là học sinh
nếu xuất hiện cùng "eyes, dialation, iris...' thì hiểu là đồng tử
Social
context
The social relationship between the
speaker(s) and hearer(s).
Ex: Customer - seller
Students - teacher
Imagine you are in the library. Two people come into a library and they are talking really loud. They sit at your table and continue their babbling. So, you look up at them and say: -
"Excuse me, could you please speak up a bit more? I missed what you said."
Physical context :
the conversation occurs in a library
Linguistic context
: sarcastic tone of voice (intonation cues are linguistic)
Epistemic context :
every one knows that libraries are quiet places
Social context
: you have the right to ask someone to be quiet in a place where people are supposed to be quiet, especially if their rule-breaking is injurious to the needs of others, which overrides the social norm of not giving orders to total strangers.
Definition
Speaker’s meaning:
ý của ng nói có thể khác với ý của câu
what a speaker means
in a particular context.
Sentence meaning:
derived from meaning of words in a sentence.
what a sentence means
out of
context.
study of what speakers mean
or speaker’s meaning
Syntax (cú pháp)
Semantics: expressions mean out of context
Pragmatics: mqh giữa ý của câu và ý của ng nói
PRAGMATICS 2
Presupposition
Factive presuppositions:
từ chỉ nhận thức: “know”, “realize”, “regret”, “be aware”,...
Điều mà ngươi nói/ người viết cho là đúng và đã biết bởi người nghe và người đọc trước khi lập luận
• Mary beat her brother
again
.
Mary beat her brother before
• She
pretended
she didn’t see him.
She saw him.
• John
regrets
dumping Mary.
John dumped Mary.
Lexical presuppositions
: khả năng/ tần suất của action: “manage”, “stop”, “start”, “again”, ...
Structural presuppositions:
Wh- questions, …
Non-factive presuppositions:
“dream”, “imagine”, “pretend”,.... - something assumed not to be true
Counter-factual presuppositions
: If....
Ex: •
If I were you
, I would not marry her.
I am not you and I will not marry her.
Existential presuppositions
: resulting from definite noun phrases.
Ex: • After
the coffee break
, the speaker
continued
speaking about his research project.
The speaker was speaking about his R.P.
Speech acts
Action performed by a speaker with
an
utterance
(lời nói)
dạng: requesting, commanding, questioning, ordering, inviting, threatening, naming, advising or informing...
Direct speech acts
Direct relationship between structure and functions
Ex: Move out of the way! Structure: Imperative, Function: commands. -> Direct speech acts (structure và function tương đương)
Indirect speech acts
Indirect relationship between structure and function
Ex: "Do you have to stand here?". Struc: Interrogative. Func: commands.
(Struc và func k tương đương)
Sentence types & functions
Declarative (khẳng định) -> Statements
Imperative (mệnh lệnh) -> Commands
Interrogative (nghi vấn) -> Questions
Exclamatory (Cảm thán) -> Exclamations
Reference & Inference
Referent
referent cùng quy chiếu cho một object gọi là co-referential
quy chiếu cho cái reference
ex: John had his dog with him.
John và him là co-referential chỉ John
Reference
là hành động mà speaker dùng các hình thái ngôn ngữ (DT riêng, xác định, ko xác định) để làm listener nhận diện được cái mà mình muốn đề cập: Hoa, Donald Trump, the teacher, the student, an apple, a boy,...
relationship between
a word or expression
and the objects it refers to (called
referent
).
indicate a
particular thing
in a
particular
situation
, not things in general.
Types of reference
Endophora
Anaphora
- Anaphoric reference: refer
back
to a part of text.
ex: The
students
(antecedent) were excited about
their
(anaphora) first encounter with a class.
intrasentential (in sentence)
intersentential (across sentences).
Cataphora
- Cataphoric reference: refers
forward
to another word or phrase will be used later in conversation.
Ex: •
Here is the news.
(Cataphora) The Prime Minister has decided ...
Less common than anaphora
Exophora
: situtional, ko có trong text, cuộc nch
Inference
additional information
of listener để hiểu what is said and what must be meant.
example of structural presuppositions:
“When did you stop beating your wife?”
Presupposes: (phán đoán)
• You did beat your wife.
• You stopped beating your wife.
• You beat someone.
• You have a wife.