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Peace Treaties - Coggle Diagram

- - - - separated Austria from Hungary+ confirmed that Austria was no longer a leading power
      - Austrian army restricted to 30,000
      - Old Austrian Empire had already collapsed by 1918 and many new states already set up.
        Treaty of Saint Germain was really about sorting out chaotic jumble of territories into new states rather than punishing Austria
      - under the treaty Austrian territories were divided as follows:
        
        Bohemia+Moravia - new state of Czechoslovakia
        
        Bosnia+Herzegovina+Croatia - new state of Yugoslavia (which included former kingdom of Serbia)
        
        Austria lost Galicia to Poland and land to Italy
      - Austria was forbidden to ever unite w/ Germany
    - - Austria suffered severe economic problems post war as much of its industry went to Czechoslovakia
      - some areas suffered as they were suddenly part of foreign states
      - Italy was not entirely happy - they felt they should've received more land
      - Austria was supposed to pay reparations, but
        didn’t due to the Bank of Vienna’s collapse.
      - it was impossible to give every national group self determination
      - Most of the new states contained dissatisfied minorities who continued to create problems
      - Austria lost the South Tyrol and Istria to Italy and huge areas of land to 3 new states: Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia.
      - Splitting up the empire created economic problems
      - Roads + railways had been built to suit the new states, + the new nations had their own taxes on trade, where previously it had been FREE
  - - - included many transfers of territories from Hungary to other countries:
        Transylvania + a number of other territories -> Romania
        Slovakia, Ruthenia -> Czechoslovakia
        Slovenia, Croatia -> Yugoslavia
      - Hungary lost a substantial amount of its territory+population: 3 million Hungarians ended up in other states (60% of its people), overall lost almost ¾ of its territory
      - was due to pay reparations but its economy collapsed in early 1920s so it never did
      - army limited to 35,000 men
      - not signed until 1920
    - - its industries suffered from loss of population+raw materials
      - communist state under Bela Gun was established in 1919, he was overthrown later in the year + a military dictatorship was set up under Admiral Horthy
      - Hungarians continued to resent it
  - - - included many transfers of territories from Turkey to other countries:
        Smyrna -> Greece
        Syria -> Mandate under French control
        Palestine, Jordan, Iraq -> Britain
        Turkey also effectively lost control of the straits running into the Black Sea
      - Turks had to formally accept that many countries from their former empire, e.g. Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, were now independent/under British/French protection - in practise this was already true but they had to accept+agree to this in the treaty
    - - not a successful treaty:
        Turks outraged by it
        Turkish Nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal challenged terms of treaty by force when they drove the Greeks out of Smyrna - result was Treaty of Lausanne 1923 that returned Smyrna to Turkey
      - motives of Britain+France were suspicious as they took control of former Turkish lands
      - Arabs who helped the British in the war gained little - unfair
    - - Turkey recovered Smyrna + Eastern Thrace from Greece
      - All foreign troops left Turkey
      - Turkey regained control over the Straits
      - Turkey did not have to pay reparations
      - No limits were placed on Turkey's armed forces
- - - - France had suffered enormous damage to its land, industry, people+self confidence
        2/3+ of men who served in French army had been killed/injured
        war affected almost an entire gen
        Germany however seemed threatening +powerful to many French people
      - Since 1870 France felt threatened by its increasingly powerful neighbour Germany
        war increased this feeling
        German land+industry had not been as badly damaged as France
        france population was in decline compared to Germany
      - Clemenceau+other French leaders saw treaty as opportunity to cripple Germany so that it couldn’t attack France again
        french President (Poincaré) even wanted Germany broken up into collection of smaller states, but Clemenceau knew British+Americans wouldn’t agree to this
        Clemenceau was a realist + knew he would probably be forced to compromise on some issues
        however he had to show he was aware of public opinion in France
        He demanded a treaty that would weaken Germany as much as possible
    - - Wilson often seen as idealist whose aim was to build a better + more peaceful world from the ruins of the war, but he believed Germany should be punished
      - wilson’s main aim was to strengthen democracy in the defeated nation so that its people wouldn’t let the leaders cause another war
      - he believed treaty shouldn’t be too harsh
        He thought if Germany was treated too harshly some day it would recover +want revenge
      - He believed nations should cooperate to achieve world peace -
        Jan 1918 - he established his 14 point plan to help this
        most important for Wilson was 14th point - in this he proposed setting up an international peacekeeping body: League of Nations
      - He believed in self determination (idea that nations should rule themselves rather than be ruled by others)
        he wanted people of Eastern Europe (e.g. Poles, Czechs, Slovaks) to rule themselves rather than be part of Austria-Hungary’s empire
      - Many people in France+Britain didn’t agree W/ Wilson’s some of 14 point plan - it seemed impractical
        e.g. self determination: would be v difficult to give people of Eastern Europe the chance to rule themselves as they were scattered across many countries. E.g. 25% of population of new state of Czechoslovakia were neither Czechs nor Slovaks
        some people were bound to end up being ruled by people from another group W/ diff customs/language
        some Historians pointed out that although Wilson spoke much of Eastern Europe, he didn’t actually know much about the area
    - - Often middle ground between Clemenceau+ Wilson at peace talks
      - Wanted Germany to be justly punished but not too harshly
      - Wanted Germany to lose its navy+colonies because Britain thought they threatened the British empire
      - Like Wilson, didn’t want Germany to seek revenge in future + possibly start another war
      - Keen for Britain+Germany to start trading again - before war Germany was Britain’s second largest trading partner.
        british people may not have liked it but trade W/ Germany meant jobs for them
      - Like Clemenceau, lloyd George had real problems w/ public pressures at home for a harsh treaty
        even his own MPs didn’t always agree w/ him and he had just won the 1918 election in Britain by ‘promising to make Germany pay’, even though he knew the dangers of this course of action