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C3: STRUCTURE AND BONDING - Coggle Diagram
C3: STRUCTURE AND BONDING
IONIC BONDING
Ionic bonding is where atoms lose or gain electrons to form charged particles called ions. These ions attract each other with strong electrostatic forces and form giant ionic lattice structures. Each positive cation is surrounded by negative anions.
When atoms lose electrons, they have more protons than electrons so they become positive ions. When atoms gain electrons, they have more electrons than protons so they become negative ions.
Ionic bonding always occurs between non-metals and metals. The metals always lose their electrons and the non-metals gain those electrons.
NaCl - table salt, KF, potassium fluoride
Compound ions are formulas with a charge, such as hydroxide (OH-), ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate(NO3-). Calcium hydroxide, potassium nitrate and iron ammonium are all ionic compounds
COVALENT BONDING
SIMPLE COVALENT
Simple covalent molecules include water, carbon dioxide, hydrochloric acid and methane. These molecules are very small and are usually made up of only a couple of atoms. They have very weak intermolecular forces between the molecules which don't require much energy to overcome. They have very low melting and boiling points.
GIANT COVALENT
Giant covalent structures include diamond, graphite, silicon dioxide and graphite. They consist of atoms which have covalent bonds in all directions. These bonds are extremely strong and require lots of energy to overcome, making these structures extremely hard, strong and have very high melting and boiling points.
Graphite, Graphene and Diamond
Graphite is made up of layers of carbon atoms bonded in hexagons. The layers have weak intermolecular force between them so they can slide over each other. Graphene is the name given to one of these layers. It is the strongest known substance. Both can conduct electricity as when carbon bonds with three other carbon atoms, it leaves one delocalised electron to carry charge throughout the structure.
Diamond is made of carbon atoms each bonded to four other carbon atoms in a tetrahedron shapes. It has an extremely high melting point and boiling point, strong, hard and it's the strongest naturally occurring substance.
Polymers
Polymers consist of long chains of simple molecules called monomers. These have relatively strong intermolecular forces between the chains and so they have relatively high melting and boiling points.
Covalent bonding is where atoms share electrons to fill their outer shells. it occurs between non-metals and can form simple covalent molecules or giant covalent structures.
METALLIC BONDING
Metallic bonding occurs in metals. Its where the atoms' outer shell electrons are free, which creates a sea of delocalised electrons. There is strong attraction between positive metal ions and the delocalised electrons.
Metals can conduct electricity because the delocalised electrons are free to move through the structure and carry charge.
The layers of atoms can slide over each other so metals are quite soft. Alloys consist of mixtures of metals. The different sized atoms distort the layers making it harder for them to slide over each other.ten.
NANOPARTICLES
Nanoparticles consist of molecules that are only a few hundred atoms thick. They are usually between 10-1000nm in size.
Graphene is only one atom thick and can be used to make nanotubes. Fullerenes are allotropes of carbon in a spherical shape. The first one ever discovered was buckminsterfullerene which is C60. They are hollow so they can be used to carry drugs to certain parts of the body. They can roll over each other so they can be used as lubricants.
Nanoparticles are so small that they can easily enter the body and some have undiscovered side effects which could be harmful. They need a lot of research before they can be used in commercial senses. They can also be easily released into the environment
Silver nanoparticles have antibacterial and antifungal properties. Nanoparticles are exciting and new and can have unprecedented benefits.
STATES OF MATTER
Solids: Particles are held together and vibrate on the spot. Regular arrangement
Liquids: Particles can roll and slide over each other, weakly haled together, random arrangement
Gases: Particles have lots of energy moving randomly, lots of space between particles, random arrangement.
The particle model is misleading because it shows particles as solid spheres when in reality they are complex 3D shapes
When substances melt or boil, temperature remains the same until all the substance has boiled or melted. This is because energy goes into breaking the bonds instead of raising the tem
