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How do we understand place? - Coggle Diagram
How do we understand place?
Thirdspace & Othering
Firstspace
The built environment. It can be mapped & measured. E.g. market in town
Secondspace
The perception of area. It does not physically exist but is imagined in the minds of residents. E.g. place where goods are sold
Thirdspace
The lived space; this combines first space and scondspace to express how people lives are affected by the physical and perceived environment. E.g. people socialise, gossip & buy local produce
Created by Edward Soja in 1996. He looked at how different pole see and experience the same city which people have power and control, and which ones are neglected and forgotten.
Homelessness
Firstspace - shelter, bench etc
Secondspace - 'homes' in shelters, idea homeless are uneducated etc
Thirdspace - drugs to cope with first/second space
Othering
Definition
Othering is where people / groups do not fit in with the norms / values of society or specific groups and are defined by this
How does othering effect place
some places not visited by to othering e.g. anti-gay laws
less likely to interact with people in place
feeling of unsafety
sticking to enclaves / other othered groups
less likely to explore all of place, prefer to stay in "their" area (minimal view of place)
segregation
'blacklisted' as areas not to live
Place perception
Age
Elderly people:
sense that place doesn't fit needs
memory of place > physical aspect of place, feelings & memories override, romanticisation
can do less things physically in place
become familiar with place
Young people
Tani,S., shopping mall in Helsinki, Finland
hanging out rather than shopping, felt less watched by parents here
O'Brien (2003) found young people "reconstruct" spaces
Gender
Women:
create 'mental map' of the place just incase they need to escape / avoid risk
maps have risk & areas of vunerability
created by themselves, family & news info
Transgender:
avoid places due to experiences
hyper-aware of place
1/3 respondents had been blatantly stared at
Sexuality
LGBT+:
created a territorial enclave in some places e.g. Gay Village in Manchester
people collect together, feel safer
gay men use more & seen more than lesbians
often avoid places where it is illegal to be gay
Role
Parents:
anxiety related to child safety in place
more work in place
better job = better view of place
location of employment gives idea / less idea of place
job can influence knowledge of place
more leisure areas recognised
Child:
in-depth local knowledge due to time in neighbourhoods with friends
more fun in place
Religion
do not feel safe in many places due to headscalf
can cause spatial segregation leading to "safe" and "unsafe" areas
fear of others in area, lack of mutual resect, territorial behaviours, violence
enclave retreat
issues had to resolve so ideas about place stay same
Northern Ireland, protestant vs catholic issues remain, only 7% children go to mixed schools
Race
do not feel 'at home' in Britain or Somalia (e.g.)
barrier between parents, migrant parents 'home' is not your home (different place perception)
connected to people in place with similar situation, positive
places with religious things such as mosques or halal restaurants make a place more appealing & positive
Informal representations
Definition
May or may not be published and may not be primarily about places the content is subjective. Can be made by anyone e.g. artists
Useful
perspective
"lived experience"
Example
Slumdog Millionaire
2008 British Drama FIlm
teenager in Mumbai slums who becomes a millionaire by winning a gameshow
"poverty porn", reinforcing negative sterotypes & glamorising / exaggerating issues
Examples
music videos
advertisments
films
tourist brochures
social media
grafitti
Example
Banksy
started in Bristol
'The Mild Mild West' 1997, political message of police attention to unlicensed raves in Bristol
message to fight back
"lived" experience of Bristol
Advantages
present the social & emotional context of a place
give a detailed and engaging perspective
often more up to date and immediate than formal
may be more available data from these sources which is added to daily e.g. photos
studying them can help to understand why people perceive places in a particular way
Disadvantages
more open to observer bias
may not be intended for geographical analysis
information likely to be partial or self-selected
information may be given with directional agenda e.g. films
information may be largely subjective, lacking reliability & ability to verify is quality or accuracy
can be very hard to verify authorship
some sources intended to be bias e.g. brochures to show a place
Formal representations
Definition
Published sources with objective content. Made to provide accurate information often done by local & central gov & official bodies.
Examples
2011 census data
published & peer reviewed textbooks / papers
BBC news
ONS publications
geospatial data
council / local gov reports
Useful
objective
comparable
Example
2011 Census for Mumbai
41.84% Mumbai population in slums vs 15% total Indian population
slum definition "residential areas where dwellings are unfit for human habit", others may disagree with
Advantages
more likely to be objective, less observer bias
may be comprehensive surveys covering large sample size e.g Census
data collection methods published & stats verifiable
enables researchers to identify trends a static collected intervals them compared
depending on sample size, statistical tests can be carried out to see if there is significant relationships
Disadvantages
can be hard to access & contextualise data that seems abstract
scale of data may not match scale of interest
some formal data not publicly available, have to pay
large data sets require organisation on data collection to obtain, e.g. census infequent
North Korean Community in Japan
People
Children that have not born or lived in North Korea, live inside North Korean bubble in Japan. In danger of being attacked as North Korea & Japan not get along. North Korea viewed as safety/protector for these people, different schools with different curriculums.
Process
People in Japan are attached to North Korea despite never visiting there. There are North Korean schools in Japan teach NK history & NK send money to build things.
Originated from business empire when NK sent spies dressed as fishermen to kidnap Japanese people (3yo died). NK grow in nuclear (withdrew from treaty in 2003), Chongroyn goes into financial ruin with only a few schools left, Japan defends school.
Place
Japan / North Korean holdovers from 1940s Japan military brought over relatives (Korean War)
Kurdistan
People/culture
Mainly in 5 countries, have their own language & cultural traditions but not their own territory or borders. Since 1970s Kurds have been pushing for independence and their own territory & government, one of largest stateless nation in world (30m). Since breakout of war in Syria, claimed part of Northern Syria to fight ISIS
People/individual
Many young male and female Kurds motivated to join PESMERGA (military force of the automous region of Iraqi Kurdistan). Do not feel represented by Govs where they live for sight for own homeland & territory.
Place/physical
Mountainous & inaccessible so many traditionally employed in subsistence farmed & seasonal migration, gave them strong associations with the land. Several large rivers. Rich in natural resources, especially oil (6th largest in world). Value if resources found in this land has meant that other nation states are keen not to cede any territory to Kurdistan.
Processes/displacement
Lived border free under Ottomans until WW1 divided up.
Area of Kurdistan disputed & fought over causing many to live overseas, diaspora. Over 1.2 million live in Germany, many arrived as refugees or cheap labour in 1980/90s. Diaspora means support & campaigns by well-educated Kurds outside countries they're from. Raise issue of Kurdistan for governments around world & keeps emotional attachment strong.
Conflicts also attach to land.
Emotional attachment
Reasons why
memories in places
natural disasters, rebuild their lives there
success & strong civic pride
citizens working together to improve local area, placemaking
historical process & events
positive assosications and tangible benefits form natural and built features in the environment
Tripartite Model
Person: to do with your experiences individual and collective to a whole population, "who"
Place: to do with natural, built and social aspects of a place, "what characteristics"
Process: to do with emotion and behaviour in different locations. Key are memory and knowledge of place, "how attached"
More deprived areas = less attachment, high population = less attachment, older or longer resident = less attached
Time Space Compression
Definition
"the acceleration of economic activities leads to the destruction of spatial barriers and distances" (Harvey 1989)
Globalisation
is the increase in the interconnectedness of places, it has been accelerating in recent years. Globalisation and time space compression are linked.
Change & Impacts
Transport:
travel advanced e.g. airport, faster
EasyJet launched in 1995, 72.8 million visits oversea by UK residents in 2017 (ONS)
saves time
people travel more frequently & further
Containerisation:
Malcom Mclean Ideal X
revolutionary transportation of goods
save 16 days worth of work
increased globalisation
saves time
places far seem closer
power of place with speed
GPS:
reduced place perception
take in less about a place, spatial awareness
Global brands:
Cambridge UK's ultimate 'clone town'
globalisation (businesses adapt to certain area)
McDonalds biggest land holder in world
homogenisation (familiarity in foreign places)
placelessness (lack of familiarity / attachment anywhere)
Technology
Moore's law, more powerful and cheaper computers
increase in social media
amount of data in world doubles every 2 years
5.9 billion google searches a day
time taken to reach audience of 50 million was 38 years for radio but 19 days for Pokemon Go
Decentralised manufacturing:
manufacturing has shifted from countries in 'global north' to 'global south'
China now employs 53 million workers, most in world, increase of 2 million since 1980
number of TCF workers decreased by 55% in UK
clothes, furniture, cars, toys, technology
Not a new concept, Marx referred to it.
Advantages:
places seem closer
saves time
homogenisation
communication is easier
new economic opportunities
remittances
Disadvantages:
placelessness
brain drain
migration can cause conflict e.g. racism
reliance of countries on others
wealth differences