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Anomie and structural theories extended - Coggle Diagram
Anomie and structural theories extended
General Strain Theory
(Robert Agnew, 1992)
According the psychological sources of deviance and criminality why individuals become antisocial?”
Anger
when individuals blame their adversity on others
increases the individuals’ level of felt injury, creates a desire for revenge
recency
how close in time adverse conditions have occurred
clustering
when several negative stimuli cluster together at roughly the same time period
magnitude
size discepancy between goals- expectations
duration
the length of time negative events
Frustration
adaptations
(coping) to strain
Cognitive strategies
Thhings could be worse/between goals expectations
Behavioral coping strategies
nvolve making positive/ constructive changes,
changing schools
delinquent activities such as revenge
Emotional coping techniques
antisocial behaviour
use of drugs
legitimate behaviors
meditation, phisical exercise
the three major types of strain
Inability to achieve positively valued goals
committing deviant or criminal acts because one cannot reach important societal goals
when individuals fail to match their expectations with their achievements -> they fall short of the expectations.
when individuals perceive they have been unfairly treated or have not received the benefits from an interaction situation they initially thought.
when positively valued stimuli are removed, or there is the threat of removing them. Two examples are the death of a loved one, and the ending of an important relationship
negative or noxious stimuli, and includes negative relations with parents and negative relations with schools.
Istitutional Anomie Theory
Messner and Rosenfield
Economy the most powerful and dominant social institution the economy and other social institutions so weakened.
the focus on materialism forces people into criminality because they start to compete against each other.
The structural changes that lead to significant reduction in crime are those that promote a rebalancing of social institutions.
Social roles will have to become meaningful alternatives to material acquisition.
the high rates of homicide occur in nations where there exists a lesser commitment to social welfare policies and an overemphasis on economic growth at the expenses of citizens.
Delinquent Boys Albert K.Cohen
to explain juvenile delinquency
delinquency among working class boys is a direct product of strain, in particular the strain associated with not being able to achieve middle class goals
working-class boy delinquency is a reaction formation.
Working class want to hit at the middle class because working-class parents accept middle-class standards, and pass these down to their children who proceed to internalize them.
Working-class girl delinquency which Cohen states represents an attempt to gain status via establishing rapport with delinquent boys
Workingclass boy delinquents likes damneged others, engage in short-term goals. They commit a variety of offenses, all aimed at getting even with middle-class society because they cannot be a part of its legitimate success structures
middle-class boy delinquency by boys to prove their manliness.
it is a matter of sex role identification, or boys heavily socialized by their mothers, who as a result go overboard, so-to-speak, by engaging in delinquent acts just to prove their masculinity
DELINQUENCY AND OPPORTUNITY: A THEORY OF DELINQUENT GANGS (1960)
RICHARD A. CLOWARD AND LLOYD E. OHLIN
explanation for crime and delinquency the wrong distribution of legitimate opportunities in American society.
the disparity between what lower class youths are led to want and what is actually available to them is a source of a major problem of adjustment.
many lower-class youths turn away from legitimate channels, adopting other means, which might offer a possible route to success goals such as money
3 different subcultural routes:
the retreatist subculture: According to the legitimate society people belonging to this subculture are “total failures”
the criminal subculture: it’s the most successful.
he youth has here the greatest chance of achieving success since it’s organized.
the conflict subculture: made up of fighting male youth who engage in violence as a result of feeling frustrated and having blocked opportunities.
Youth belonging to this subculture are unlikely to move upward into the criminal subculture because they lack discipline.