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C3 - Structure & Bonding - Coggle Diagram
C3 - Structure & Bonding
States of matter
In melting and boiling, energy is transferred to the substance from the surroundings.
In freezing and condensing, energy is transferred from the substance to the surroundings.
Limitations of the model - atoms, molecules and ions that make up all substances are not solid spheres with no forces between them
Three states of matter - liquid, gas, solid
Particle theory
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Gas - far apart, exert force that causes pressure.
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Every change of state is reversible - gases condense to liquids, liquid freeze to solid.
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Ionic bonding
Other elements can form ionic compounds - group 2 (2+ ions) and group 6 (2- ions) - Group 1 (1+), Group 7 (1-).
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Ionic compounds are held together by strong forces of attraction between their oppositely charged ions = ionic bonding.
Oppositely charged ions formed are held together by strong forces of attraction, acts in all directions - ionic bonding and giant structure is formed or a giant lattice.
Atoms into ions
Elements in Group 1 react with elements in Group 7 - as they react, atoms of group 1 can lose 1 electron to gain stable electronic structure. Electron from outer sell can be giver to group 7 atom = stable atomic structure.
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Dot & cross = shows the electrons in the outer shell of atoms and ions involved in forming ionic bonds.
Covalent bonding
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Covalent bond only acts between 2 atoms it bonds to each other, many consist of small molecules.
Many substances containing covalent bonds consist of simple molecules, some have giant covalent structures.
Element in Group 7 gain 1 electron, form single covalent bond - Group 6 gain 2, 2 bonds - Group 5 form 3 bonds - Group 4 form 4 bonds
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Giant ionic compounds
Ionic compounds have high melting & boiling points, all solids at room temp.
Ionic compounds will conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water. Cause of ions that move around and carry charge through liquid.
Takes a lot of energy to break strong ionic bonds, works in all directions, that hold a giant ionic lattice together.
Ionic compounds have giant structures, holds the ions together.
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