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Farm Animals: Urolithiasis - Coggle Diagram
Farm Animals: Urolithiasis
Primary cause of urinary obstruction
In small ruminants
Cattle esp. steers
Affects both sexes - only males show clinical signs
Predisposing Factors
Castrated males
Obeisity
Diet: high concentrate/low roughage, imbalanced phosphate/calcium diet (1:1 ratio), high magnesium diet, alkaline urine
Hard water (high calcium)
Dehdyration
UTI
Types
Calcium (apatite and carbonate)
High Ca diet
Phosphate
high grain diets, low Ca:Phos ratio
Silicate
Silica rich soil grazing
Oxalate
Sugar beet tops
Clinical Signs
Early
Partial vs. complete obstruction
Haematuria, dysuria, crsytals on prepuce
Urine dribbling
Tail flagging and colic signs
Stranguria
Late
Anorexia, depression
Preputial swelling
Abdominal distension
Recumbent, seizures and death
Diagnosis
History and clinical signs
Palpation: pulsation or urethra, swelling
Rectal: enlarged bladder or not palpable if ruptured
Examine urethral process
Biochemistry: azotaemia, hyperkalaemia, hyponatraemia, acidosis
Abdominoscentesis if suspect bladder rupture
Abdominal ultrasound to visualise urinary tract
Radiography:Calcium carbonate and oxalate visible; not struvite
Complications
Bladder rupture
Painful, become comfortable then sick
Abdominal distension and uroperitoneum
Common in small ruminants
Urethral rupture
Swollen prepuce
Cattle and sheep more prone
Hydronephrosis
Chronic obstruction
Ultrasonographic diagnosis
Cattle
Management
Medical
Sedatives and antispasmodics (buscopan)
Analgesia
Increase diet Ca: Phosphate ratio
Urinary acidification
Surgical
Rehydrate and correct electrolyte and acid base balance disturbances
Urethral process amputation
Tube cystotomy
Perineal urethrostomy
Repair bladder