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4.3 Bio Circulation, 3 - Transporting O2 and CO2, 7 - Atherosclerosis, 8 -…

- - - - iron
      - each carries 4 O2
    - - O2 binds, changes Hb structure, more O2 easily joins
      - O2 enters RBC, goes to Hb, where there's low O2 conc. in RBC cytoplasm. maintains CG, O2 enters by diffusion.
        
        body cells have lower O2 conc. than RBC cytoplasm, draws out O2 from Hb
      - small O2 amount change in body causes big O2 amount change in RBCs
        
        rapid O2 diffusion in/out of RBCs
- - - - higher O2 affinity than Hb
        
        gets O2 from mother's Hb in placenta
        
        mother/ fetus blood runs close, doesn't touch
        
        counter current exchange system
    - - higher O2 affinity than Hb
        
        doesn't release O2 unless O2 conc. is very low and CO2 conc. is very high
      - gives red meat bright colour
      - unaffected by O2 conc in body
- - - - carbaminohaemoglobin
    - - hydrogencarbonate ions
  - - - separates into H+ and HCO3-
        
        CO2 + H2O <--> HCO3- + H+
        
        controlled by carbonic anhydrase enzyme
        
        catalyses H2CO3- formation near body tissues (higher CO2 in blood)
        
        catalyses CO2/H20 formation near lungs (low CO2 in lungs)
- - - - serotonin
        
        vasoconstrictor, lowers blood flow/ blood lost
      - thromboplastin
        
        enzyme causing clot formation
- - - - fibrinogen - soluble protein
      - fibrin - insoluble, forms mesh of fibres covering wound. platelets + BCs caught in mesh
      - platelets + BCs + fibrin = clot
        
        platelet proteins contract, tightens clot, forms scab
        
        protection as cells heal
- - - - massive internal bleeding
        
        often fatal, blockage can be surgically removed before.
  - - - kidneys
        
        tiny BV damage where urea removed from blood. narrow more. higher pressure. can force out proteins back into blood.
      - eyes
        
        tiny eye BVs easily damaged - blocks/ leaks = cells die. blind
      - brain
        
        stroke
  - - - angina
        
        plaque build-up in coronary arteries, less blood to heart, less blood to body. Anaerobic respiration in exercise
        
        exercise/ no smoking/ weight loss helps
        
        drugs make coronary BVs dilate. temporary solution.
        
        stent/ heart bypass permanent solution
      - myocardial infarction - heart attack
        
        coronary artery blocked, heart gets no blood or O2
        
        blood clot from atherosclerosis. stiffens artery. more likely to be damaged. more blood clots.
  - - - BV blockage
        
        bigger = more damage
      - capillary bleeding
    - - dizziness
      - confusion
      - slurred speech
      - blurred vision
      - partial vision loss
      - numbness
      - paralysis in 1 side of body
- - - - reduces blood flow
      - hardens with fibrous tissue/ calcium salts
        
        reduced elasticity, damage more likely
    - - damage causes
        
        high blood pressure
        
        chemicals
        
        pre-existing arothermas
        
        smaller lumen, increase BP
      - triggers inflammatory response
        
        white blood cells
        
        cholesterol
- - - - no oestrogen, reduces plaque build up
- - - - high BP
        
        damage BVs, plaques form
      - type 2 diabetes
  - - - damage arteries, plaque builds up, higher BP, higher risk of AS
  - - - transport lipids
      - low-density lipids (LDLs)
        
        bind to cell membrane, taken into cells
        
        cell membrane can become saturated, no more LDL intake. LDL cholesterol left in blood
        
        formed from saturated fats, cholesterol, proteins
      - high density lipids (HDLs)
        
        formed from unsaturated fats, cholesterol, proteins
        
        carry cholesterol from cells to liver (breaks down cholesterol)
        
        removes cholesterol from plaques
      - need a balance of HDLs/ LDLs.
        
        influenced by diet
        
        influenced by genetics
- - - - pulmonary vein
        
        oxygenated blood from heart to lungs
        
        left PV to left lung, right PV to right lung
      - umbilical vein
        
        oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus
  - - - close when blood flows back
      - surrounding muscles relax when blood flows back
        
        they contract to force blood to heart
- - - - pulmonary artery
        
        deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs
        
        right PV from right lung, left PV from left lung
      - umbilical artery
        
        deoxygenated blood from fetus to placenta
  - - - nearer heart = more elastic, further = more muscle
        
        heartbeat sends high pressure blood, need esasticity
    - - smaller lumen = difficult for blood to flow
- - - - no elastic fibres/ smooth muscle/ collagen. makes them smaller, fit between cells, rapid diffusion
      - quick diffusion
- - - - heart --> body --> heart
      - high pressure, delivers O2 blood quickly
    - - heart --> gas exchange organs --> heart
      - low pressure, no GEO damage
- - - - mechanical methods
        
        heart pumping
        
        maintain concentration gradients
- - - - occurs after atrial systole, blood needs time to enter ventricle
- - - - no nucleus
        
        more space
      - biconcave
        
        large SA:volume ratio
        
        fast diffusion
      - transports via diffusion/ active transport
  - - - neutrophils
      - eosinophils
      - basophils
    - - monocytes
      - lymphocytes
  - - - found in bone marrow
- - - - Sinoatrial node (SAN)
        
        heart cells with fastest IR, heart's pacemaker
        
        sends wave of electical excitation - depolarisatikon
        
        atria contract
        
        stimulates atrioventricular node (AVN
        
        Region of conducting tissues, creates delay
        
        sends depolarisation to bundle of His - conducting fibres in septum
        
        .
        
        split into 2 in septum, depolarises purkyne tissue - conducting fibres to ventricles
        
        1 more item...
      - annulus fibrosus
        
        non-conducting tissue between atrium and ventricle
        
        prevents depolarisation spreading to ventricles, they'd contract, force blood out early
- - - - tachycardia (too fast)
      - brachycardia (too slow)
      - irregular heartbeat (not constant intervals)
  - - - better electrode contact
    - - conduct more electricity
- - - - plasma proteins in blood exert osmotic effect, blood has constant -3.3kPa water potential (low)
      - water moves down water potential gradient, from TF into blood
      - tissue fluid = -1.3kPa (high)
      - water potential in BV - water potential outside BV = tendency for water to move in/ out by osmosis (oncotic pressure)
        
        constant, -2 kPa
    - - pressure from heartbeat high at arterial end, low at venous end
        
        force fluid out BVs at arterial end