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GIT PATHOLOGIES 👅 - Coggle Diagram
GIT PATHOLOGIES 👅
Fluid loss 🌊
Osmotic diarrhoea
Secretory diarrhoea
Deranged motility diarrhoea
Parasitic
Entamoeba histolytica
Metronidazole
Giardia
Traveller's Diarrhoea
Dysentery
Excessive vomiting
Consequences
Physiologic adaptations to vomiting
Physiologic adaptations to diarrhoea
Physiologic adaptations to sweating
Physiologic adaptations to thirst
Neurohormonal imbalance on feeding 💫
Glucose
Leptin
Ghrelin
CCK
Somatostatin
Obestatin
Gastric acid secretory disorders⚠
NSAIDs
H. Pylori
Metronidazole
Contraindications
Peptic ulcers
Chronic
Acute
Specific symptoms
Diagnostic testing
Complications
Symptoms
Pharmacological treatments
H2 - receptor antagonists
Side effects
Proton pump inhibitors
Side effects
Contraindications
Features to prevent gastro - oesophageal reflux ⛲
LOS
CLSM and SLGMuscle fibres
Mucosal folds of cardia
Disorders
Oropharyngeal dysphagia / aphagia
Achalasia
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnostic tests
Barium swallow
Oesophageal manometry
Complications
Oesophageal spasm
GORD
Characteristics
Diagnosis
Causes
Complications
Treatments
Pharmacological
Non - pharmacological
Common GIT disorders' treatment 🚽
Metoclopramide
Usage
MoA
Anti - spasmodic agents
Laxatives
Usage and indications to treat / symptoms
Complimentary therapy
Bulk
Osmotic
Side effects
Anti - diarrhoeal drugs
Usage and indications to treat / symptoms
Oral rehydration therapy
Anti - infective agents
Anti - motility drugs
Loperamide
Anti - motility drugs
Bismuth Chelate / Subsalicylate
Infection🧫
Loss of flora
Antibiotic - associated colitis
Gastroenteritis
Symptoms
Complications
E. coli
Pseudomembranous colitis
Pathophysiology
Treatment
Nutritional deficiency🍲
Malabsorption
Coeliac's
IBS
Increased requirements
Infection
Increased loss / demand / decreased absorption
GI bleed
Inadequate intake :)
Metabolism when fasting
Early fasting
Intermediate fasting
Prolonged fasting
Adrenocortical dysfunction👾
Clinical diabetes
Diagnosis
Impaired glucose tolerance
Impaired fasting glycaemia
HbA1C
Symptoms
T1 DM
Treatment via Humalog and Glargine (background)
Intensive therapy
Decreasing dosage
Causes
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Acute hypoglycaemia management
T2 DM
Treatment
Insulin sensitisers
Diet and exercise
Hypoglycaemic agents
Metformin
Sulphonylureas
SGLT - 2 inhibitors
Incretin vs GLP supplements
Complications
Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemia
Macrovascular
Microvascular
Prevention
Leptin and adiponectin
Metabolic syndrome
Cushing's
Pathophysiology and complications
Mineralocorticoid receptor activity and steroid responsive hypertension
Treatment with dexamethasone to reduce ACTH
Symptoms
Screening and diagnosis
Urinary - free cortisol
Dexamethasone suppression test
Low - dose
Cushing's syndrome
High - dose
Cushing's disease
Adrenal tumour
Ectopic release
Iatrogenic / exogenous release from Gc therapy
Treatment
Adrenal adenoma / carcinoma surgery
Cortisol - producing enzymes blockers
Chemotherapy
Pituitary adenoma removal
Pituitary hormone supplements
Addison's
Symptoms
Pathophysiology and causes
Treatment
Hydrocortisone
Fludrocortisone
Diagnosis
Insulin tolerance OR glucagon tests
Adrenal imaging (cancers, infection, enzyme deficiency)
Electrolytes, FBC, AB release
[ACTH]
Synacthen
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
21 HLA deficiency
Symptoms
Investigations
Steroid replacement and surgical treatment
17 - OHP build-up
Synacthen tests
11 - B HLA deficiency
Symptoms
deoxy - cortisone and aldosterone build - up
Aldosterone excess
1* due to adrenal adenoma
2*
Hypertension
Renal artery stenosis
Renin secreting tumour
Malignant nephrosclerosis
Normal BP
Congestive HF
Cirrhosis
Nephrotic syndrome
Dehydration
Treatment
MC receptor blockers
Surgery
K+ supplements
2* adrenal failure due to decreased pituitary activity
Liver failure 🏥
Acute
Distinction from acute liver injury
Risk factors
Complications
Investigations
[Transaminitis]
Liver enzymes
Bloods
ABG and blood cultures
USS
CT
Management
Chronic
Causes
Signs and symptoms
Complications
Scores
Fibrosis
Fibroscans
Symptoms
Fatty liver and cirrhosis
Diagnosis
Liver biopsy
Serum blood tests
Imaging
Complications
Jaundice
Liver function tests
ALT
AST
Bilirubin
Conjugated
Unconjugated
ALP
Prothrombin
Haemolytic / pre - hepatic
Hepatic
Post - hepatic / obstructive
Neuroendocrine disorders 🧠
Thyroid
Hyperthyroidism
1
with thyroid gland disorders -
*Graves'
2* with pituitary regulation disorders
Diagnosis
[TSH] and [T4]
Thyroid USS and MRI ophthalmopathy
Isotope uptake
Thyroid antibody assay
Treatment
Carbimazole
PTU
Contraindications and warnings
Radioiodine supplements and lithium
Subtotal / complete thyroidectomy
Symptomatic relief (B - adrenergic blockers, glucocorticoids, NSAIDs, prophylactic steroids)
Symptoms
Hypothyroidism -
Hashimoto's
Pituitary adenoma / lesions
Ectopic release due to thyroid destruction
Symptoms
Hypothalamic lesions
Diagnosis
Serum assays of fT4, TSH, auto - Ab of TPO or thyroglobulin
USS, nuclear / radioisotope imaging
Treatment via thyroxine supplements
Goitre
Diffuse
Nodular
GH excess causing acromegaly
1* - pituitary adenoma
2* - ectopic tumour release to stimulate GHRH
Metabolic consequences
Clinical features of tumours
Prolactinoma symptoms, treatment via dopamine agonists
Pituitary adenoma treatment
Pituitary failure causes and treatments
SIADH
Causes
Increasing [ADH]
Decreasing [ADH]
Diagnosis
Bile disorders💦
Increased concentration of deconjugated bile acids entering colon
Gallstones
Causes
Factors
Diagnosis
RUQ
GB and ducts
Biliary tree
Clinical features
Complications
Types
Cholesterol
Ca bilirubinate