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THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR, protestants were defeated and signed the…

- - - - the Lutheran King of Denmark intervened, supported by England
      - At the same time, the United Provinces (the northern Low Countries) resumed their fight against Spain
  - - - German Catholics seized the opportunity to take the Protestants' possessions
        
        peace treaty was signed
        
        under which religious persecution would be stopped
  - - - German Catholics, the King of Spain and Portugal
        
        WON
    - - Protestants formed an alliance with Germany
        
        DEFEATED
  - - - Spain and the Holy Roman Empire became much more powerful
        
        This preoccupied France
        
        FRANCE + PROTESTANTS
  - - - Ferdinand II fought against them
- - - - He gave the administrative officials,
      - He had a board of governors, consisting of ministers who acted under the orders of a Prime Minister or Chancellor
      - He increased the number of officials acting under his orders
      - He expanded the diplomatic corps
      - He had a large court of advisors
      - He had an extremely well organised professional army
      - The monarch held unrestricted power
      - He intervened in the economy
- - - - Consequently, a civil war broke out
        
        the King was executed and England became a republic
        
        Its leader was Oliver Cromwell, who would become a dictator years later
        
        England was the first parliamentary monarchy
        
        meaning that the king's power was restricted and the country was governed by a parliament.