Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Liberal Nationalism
dev. of nation-states with the citizens having a common sense of history and identity
French Rev.
sovereignty from monarchy to a body of citizens
setting up Jacobin clubs by many educated middle class
dev. of a sense of collective identity among the people :
declaration of mission to liberate Europe from despotism
La patrie and le citoyen
new hymns and oaths were taken, martyrs were remembered in the name of the nation
new constitution with more rights
a new tricolour flag
centralised administrative system
uniform system of weights and measure
French-new national language
Estate General renamed to National Assembly
regional dialects were discouraged
internal custom duties were abolished
Napoleonic code/Civil Code of 1804
Privileges based of birth was abolished and equality before law was established
Administrative systems were simplified
Feudal system was abolished
Peasants were freed from serfdom and manorial dues
guild restrictions were removed
transport and communication systems were improved
uniform laws and standardised weights and measure
common national currency introduced
Making of nationalism in Europe
aristocracy and new middle class
landed aristocracy dominated society and politics
Industrialisation began in 19 c in France that led to evolutions of the working class
Educated, liberal middle class were keen to abolish aristocratic rights
Political Liberalism
govt. by consent
end of autocracy
adopt a constitution
Rep govt. through parliment
abolish property rights
equality before law
Economic Liberalism
freedom of markets
removal of state imposed restrictions of movement of goods
Conservatism: to preserve old traditions
ex: church, monarchs, property, family, institutions
New Settlement for Europe
after the defeat of Napoleon, Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria, drew the Treaty of Vienna of 1815
Main motive: undo changes by Napoleon and restore monarchy
Provisions of treaty of Vienna
Restore the Bourbon dynasty
Napoleon's territories were taken back
prevented French expansion
Conservative regime features
no critisism and dissent
no questioning
autocratic
severe censorship
Revolutionaries
secret societies were founded
Guiseppe Mazzini
Mazzini founded 'Young Italy' and 'Young Europe'
Joined Carbonari
viewed nations to be necessary for humanity