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Introduction to Educational Research - Coggle Diagram
Introduction to Educational Research
Scientific Method
Describe, explain, predict, and control phenomena.
Inductive reasoning
Involves developing generalizations based on observation
Deductive reasoning
Involves essentially the reverse process—arriving
The scientific method is an orderly process that entails recognition and definition of a problem.
In education
Selection and definition of a problem.
Execution of research procedures.
Analysis of data.
Drawing and stating conclusions.
Quantitative Research
Analysis of numerical data to explain phenomena of interest.
Key features of quantitative research
Contextual control of factors
Use of numerical, statistical approaches.
QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES
Describe current conditions, investigate relations, and study cause–effect and strength that exists between quantitative and qualitative research
Qualitative Research
Analysis of comprehensive narrative and visual data
Key features of qualitative research include
Using nonnumeric, interpretive approaches
QUALITATIVE APPROACHES
Include narrative research, ethnographic research, and case study research.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH BY METHOD
Quantitative Approaches
Quantitative research approaches are applied to describe current conditions, investigate relations, and
study cause–effect phenomena
Survey Research
determines and reports the way
things are; it involves collecting numerical data to
test hypotheses or answer questions about the current status of the subject of study.
Correlational Research
involves collecting data to
determine whether, and to what degree, a relation
exists between two or more quantifiable variables
Causal–Comparative Research
To determine the cause, or reason, for existing differences
in the behavior or status of groups of individuals
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH BY PURPOSE
BASIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH
Conducted solely for the purpose of developing or refining a theory. Applied research is conducted to find solutions to current problems.
EVALUATION RESEARCH
Systematic process of collecting and analyzing data about the quality, effectiveness or value of programs, products, or practices.
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
Process of researching consumer needs and then developing products to fulfill those needs.
ACTION RESEARCH
Systematic inquiry conducted by
• teachers
• principals
• school counselors
Researchers obtain informed consent by making sure that research participants enter the research of their free will and with understanding of the nature of the study and any possible dangers that may arise because of participation.
THE ETHICS OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
DECEPTION
Occurs when a researcher poses a topic that, if disclosed completely to potential participants
ETHICAL ISSUES UNIQUE TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Evolve and change as the researcher’s immersion in and understanding of the research setting grow.
GAINING ENTRY TO THE RESEARCH SITE
To conduct educational research without the cooperation of other
IDENTIFYING A RESEARCH PROBLEM
SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS
Sources of research problems are
theories, personal experiences, previous studies, electronic mailing lists and library searches.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD PROBLEMS
Characteristics of a good research: Interest to the researcher and that it is researchable using the collection and analysis of data.
STATING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
The problem statement is the first item in
the introduction to a research plan
NARROWING THE PROBLEM
Quantitative research problems are usually
narrowed quickly at the start of a study.
DEVELOPING RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Breathes life into the research problem statements.
FORMULATING AND STATING A HYPOTHESIS
DEFINITION AND PURPOSE OF HYPOTHESES IN QUANTITATIVE STUDIES
Is formulated based on theory or on knowledge gained while reviewing the related literature.
TYPES OF HYPOTHESES
A deductive hypothesis is derived from theory and providing evidence that supports aspects of a given theory.
TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS
Measuring instruments, design that will enable to collect the data necessary to test the hypothesis.
Qualitative researchers do not state formal hypotheses. Qualitative researchers operationalize the hypothesis through the development of research questions that provide a data collection.