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Spain: dictatorship and democracy
THE DICTATORSHIP OF PRIMO DE RIVERA
social and labour reforms
Domestic policy
to re-establish order by eradicating terrorism
order by
nationalism
suppressing demonstrations
Patriotic Union became the official party
Foreign policy
definitive victory in the war in Morocco
success of the landing
of Spanish troops
For the first time in history
. This victory increased the
dictatorship's prestige.
staged a coordinated attack
The economy
works helped create employment
the Compañía Telefónica (1924)
to build large public works,
such as hydroelectric power
stations, reservoirs and canals,
and petrol distribution company CAMPSA (1927)
From 1928 onwards
Political parties opposed him
The situation was made worse by
the economic crisis of 1929
the king withdrew his support for the dictator; in January 1930,
THE SECOND SPANISH REPUBLIC
The centre-right biennium (1933–1936)
Derechas Autónomas (CEDA) led by Gil Robles
named Alejandro Lerroux
as the new head of governmen
with the main trade unions
(the UGT and the CNT
asturias and cataluña
In Asturias
and proclaimed a revolutionary
government
miners took control
of the coalfields
In Cataluña
Lluis Companys, proclaimed a Catalan state
president of the autonomous community
The Popular Front (1936)
Manuel Azaña became the
president of the Republic
formed a coalition called the Popular Front
Casares Quiroga became head
of the government
government reforms provoked
protests and violent clashes between
right-wing militants (Falangists)
left-wing groups (anarchists and communists)
The left-wing or reformist
biennium (1931–1933)
Military reforms
this law was to reduce
the political power
based on academic qualifications
rather than military achievements.
Many military leaders
opposed this change
Azaña law reduced the excessive
number of army officers
Agricultural reform
divided among landless peasants
who became small
generated discontent among
the rural working class
began to occupy land in Andalucía
and other regions in protest
Territorial reforms
Cataluña was given a statute of autonomy
begun for País Vasco and Galicia
were considered to be an attack
Spanish territory by right-wing politicians
Educational reforms
The church, which until that time
had provided primary and secondary education,
reform was an attack on Catholicism.
Pedagogical missions were created
mixed gender, compulsory free
education system was established
Labour reforms
working conditions with the trade unions
eight-hour working day was established
Law of Labour Contracts forced business
a minimum wage and paid holidays
THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR
The development of the war
Northern campaign
received its statute of
autonomy in 1936
Franco was to take Asturias,
Cantabria and País Vasco
Guernica , was bombed in
1937 by the Condor Legion
March to Madrid
tried to occupy Madrid
led by General Franco
but they were defeated in the battles
of Jarama and Guadalajara.
Battle of the Ebro
Franco won the battle
the battle of the Ebro in order
to stop the Nationalist
and in 1939 he entered Barcelona
The end of the war
Nationalist army took Madrid
and on 1 April 1939, the war ended.
Reasons for the outbreak
of the war
to end left-wing
government reforms
army were unhappy with
their loss of political power
were discontent with the expropriation
church was opposed
to the secularisation
to end public disorder
fear of a working class revolution
caused by extreme right
-wing and left-wing militants
establish a communist regime
re-establish the political
and social order
had been in place previously
The consequences of the civil war
Political
with the Republicans
not want reconciliation
authoritarian regime was set up
Economic
industrial production fell by 25%
losses were high due to the destruction
living in extreme poverty
Demographic
million republicans were exiled
Spanish people died during the civil war
to Latin America and France
Cultural
were dismissed or
even executed
implemented through
education and culture
intellectuals were assassinated
or exiled
