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Spain: dictatorship and democracy
Spain went through a political evolution during the 1920s and 1930s
A military dictatorship was followed by a period of democracy
The dictatorship of Primo the Rivera
In 1923, he led a military coup and established a right- wing dictatorship
Alfonso XIII accepted the dictatorship and Primo de Rivera was named president
He introduce social and labour reforms
Domestic policy
the Patriotic Union became the official party of the dictatorship.
Foreign policy
the dictatorship won a definitive victory in the war in Morocco
The economy
a plan was implemented to build large public works,
reservoirs
Canals
hydroelectric power stations
In 1928, Primo de Rivera's dictatorship faced growing opposition.
The Second Spanish Republic
In 1931, the constitutional monarchy was restored and municipal elections were held.
On 14 April 1931, the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed.
The Second Republic is divided into three periods
the centre-right biennium
Elections were held and the centre-right parties won
They established a conservative government.
PSOE and PCE organised a general strike
Known as October Revolution
It failed all across Spain, apart from
Asturias
it was a social revolution.
Cataluña
it was a political revolution.
The revolution was brought to an end when the army intervened.
the left-wing/ reformist biennium (1931-1933)
Niceto Alcalá Zamora was named president of the Republic
Manuel Azaña became head of the government
They write a new Constitution (1931)
They made a lot of reforms
Military reforms
Agricultural reform
Territorial reforms
Labour reforms
Educational reforms
they provoked an attempted military coup
the Popular Front.
Left-wing parties formed a coalition called Popular Front
Manuel Azaña became the president
The government reforms provoked protests and violent clashes
Spanish Civil war
The civil war was a military conflict which took place between 1936 and 1939.
The result was that the government of the Republic was replaced with a dictatorship
Reasons for the outbreak of the war
In 1936, the most conservative and anti-republican section of the army rebelled in Morocco
against the government of the Republic.
the rebellion, sread to the peninsula.
The aims of the rebellion were
to end left-wing government reforms.
to end the Republic and re-establish the political and social order
to end public disorder
The two sides and international support
The Republicans, were loyal to the Republican government, they received international support from various sources.
Stalinist USSR supported a workers' revolution.
The International Brigades were military units of voluntary civilian anti-fascists
Mexico sent food and healthcare supplies.
The Nationalists led by General Francisco Franco, were supported by:
Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy,
Portugal and Ireland supplied volunteers who joined the Nationalist army.
The development of the war
During the conflict, the fronts moved according to military objectives.
Northern campaign
the next objective for Franco was to take Asturias, Cantabria and País Vasco
Battle of the Ebro
the Republicans began the battle of the Ebro to stop the Nationalist advance
March to Madrid
the Nationalists, tried to occupy Madrid
The end of the war
the Nationalist army took Madrid and the war ended.
Consequences of the civil war
Economic
economic losses were high due to the destruction of infrastructure
Demographic
half a million Spanish people died during the civil war
Political
an authoritarian regime was set up
Cultural
ideological repression was implemented through education and culture.
