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Movement system & Reproductive system, Allysa Maharani Wibowo (10B/02)…
Movement system & Reproductive system
Movement system
skeletle system
bones
function
Structural support → determine body shape
Protection for important organs
Help the muscles to facilitate movement
Production of blood cells
Mineral storage and homeostasis (especially calcium)
Fat storage
Structure
Osteocyte → mature bone cell
Osteoblast → young, bone-building cell
Osteoclast → bone-destroying cell
Types of bones
Long bone
Short bone
Flat bone
Irregular bone
Sesamoid bone
compact vs spongy bones
spongy
They are made up of trabeculae
They fill the inner layer of most bones
Bone-marrow cavity absent
compact
They are made up of osteons
They fill the outer layer of most bones
Bone-marrow cavity present in the centre
cartalige
function
Cartilage gives shape, support, and structure to other body tissues.
It also helps to cushion joints.
Cartilage also smoothens the bone surfaces at the joints.
It is essential for the development and growth of long bones.
Structure
cells
Chondrocyte → mature cartilage cell
Chondroblast → young, cartilage-building cell
Types of cartaliges
hyaline.
fibrous
elastic cartilage
joints
function
facilitating movement and stabilit
what are joints?
Joints are the areas where 2 or more bones meet.
types of joints
Synarthrosis → immovable joints
an immovably fixed joint between bones connected by fibrous tissue
example:
tooth & its socket
the sutures of the skul
Amphiarthrosis → slightly movable joints
Slightly movable joint between bones connected by cartilage
example: pubic symphysis of the pelvis
Diarthrosis → synovial joints → movable joints
types:
Ball-and-socket joint
Pivot joint
Hinge joint
Saddle joint
Plane joint
Condyloid joint
muscle contraction
process of muscle contraction
Impulse arrives at the neuromuscular junction
Acetylcholine (ACh) is released from neurone’s synaptic vesicle
Acetylcholine binds to its receptor on sarcolemma (the muscle’s cell membrane), triggering depolarisation
Depolarisation on sarcolemma is continued inside by T-tubule to sarcoplasmic reticulum
Depolarisation triggers sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Calcium ions
Calcium ions binds to troponin. This causes change in tropomyosin which in turn exposing the binding sites on actin.
ATP binds to myosin head.
When ATP is broken down into ADP and Pi, myosin head binds to actin forming a cross-bridge,
ADP and Pi are released from myosin head, myosin head initiates the powerstroke to pull actin which result in sliding filament movement.
what is muscle contraction?
Muscle contraction is the tightening, shortening, or lengthening of muscles when you do some activity.
Reprodictive system
male and female reproductive organs
Link Title
diffrence between female and male reproductive organ
male reproductive system produces and delivers sperms to the female reproductive system whereas female reproductive system facilitates fertilization and develops the baby.
spermatogenesis
what is spermatogenessis
Spermatogenesis is the process of sperm cell development.
stages of spermatogenesis
Spermatogonial stage
Spermatogonia are located at the periphery of the spermatogenic follicle, and are about 9 μm in diameter and more or less oval in shape.
Primary spermatocyte stage
Spermatogonia develop into the primary spermatocytes, which are smaller than spermatogonia
Secondary spermatocyte stage
The primary spermatocytes develop into the secondary spermatocytes by way of the first maturation division.
Spermatid stage
Two haploid spermatids (haploid cells) are generated by each secondary spermatocyte, resulting in a total of four spermatids.
oogenesis (egg production)
what is oogenesis?
Oogenesis is the process of producing eggs in the ovaries. Eggs are haploid cells, having half the number of chromosomes of other cells in the body, which are diploid cells.
stages of oogenesis
Pre-natal Stage
The primary oocyte grows while being arrested in meiosis. The follicular cells proliferate and form a stratified cuboidal epithelium. These cells secrete glycoproteins to form zona pellucida around the primary oocyte.
Antral Stage
The fluid-filled area, present between granulosa cells, combines to form a central fluid-filled space called the antrum. These are known as secondary follicles
Pre-Ovulatory Stage
This stage is induced by LH, and meiosis. Two haploid cells of unequal sizes are formed in the follicle. One of the daughter cells that receive less cytoplasm forms a polar body. The other daughter cell is known as the secondary oocyte. The two daughter cells undergo meiosis
ovulation
Development of oocyte takes place in ovaries. Every oocyte is neighboured by follicle cells to form a follicle.
When a follicle attains maturity, the primary oocyte finishes its primary meiotic division and becomes secondary oocyte. Soon after, the follicle breaks and secondary oocyte is liberated in the fallopian tube even when the second meiotic division has not happened. This release of a secondary oocyte from ovaries is known as ovulation.
mentrual cycle
what is menstrual cycle?
the menstrual cycle is a process of where mesntruation occurs. Menstruation is the process in which blood and other tissues are shed from the uterus and leave the body through the vagina.
Phases of menstrual cycle
menstrual phase
Menstruation is the elimination of the thickened lining of the uterus (endometrium) from the body through the vagina.
day 1-4
Follicular phase
Follicle matures and endometrium develops
day 5-13
ovulation
Ovary releases an egg
day 14
Luteal Phase
Follicle becomes the corpus luteum and endometrium prepares for an egg
day 15-28
hormones in the menstrual cycle
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): Stimulates egg development and the release of oestrogen.
Luteinising hormone (LH): Stimulates the release of the egg (called ovulation). Stimulates oestrogen and progesterone production.
Oestrogen: causes growth of the uterine lining. Inhibits FSH. Stimulates the release of LH and hence release of the egg. Inhibits LH after ovulation.
Progesterone: maintains the uterine lining. Inhibits LH after ovulation.
Allysa Maharani Wibowo (10B/02)