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Dairy Revision Complete, Milk Quality Experiment, Antibiotics, Mastitis,…

- - - - Correct genes to produce milk
      - Jersey high Protein/fat
      - Holstein Low Protein/fat
    - - Protein increase after calving
      - Decreases at Peak
      - Increases in late lactation
    - - High DMD Leafy Grass - Increases Yield/Protein
      - Fibre - increase yield, protein and Bfat.
    - - Grassland Management – Higher Quality Grass increases protein
      - Genetics/Breed - Use Breeds/bulls of high Protein % and butterfat %
      - Calve down in Early Spring – Quality of Grass = Protein/BF %
      - Increase clover in swards – High Protein in Clover = Higher Protein in Milk
      - Udder Hygiene and Health – Less infection = Higher % Protein
      - 70% + DMD silage – Increased feed Quality = Higher % Protein
      - Milking Intervals – Less Milking = Higher Protein
      - High Protein Concentrates – Increase Protein in Milk
  - - - Benefits
        
        Reduce Somatic Cell Counts –identify, isolate and cull cows with High SCC or SC Mastitis
        
        Increase overall milk value A+B-C - so identify the cows which are most profitable based upon milk yield and milk solids (Protein/Butterfat)
        
        Management information – allowing farmers to select the correct bull for a specific cow
        
        Disease testing– Identify disease carriers
        
        Increase the Genomic value of your herd - in relation to stock for sale
  - - - Total Bacterial Count (TBC)
        
        Total Number of Living Bacteria
        
        Limit 30,000
        
        Prevention - Farm, Parlour, Cow Hygiene
        
        Cause – Dirty Udders, Dirty Machine, Milk Temp above 4°C
        
        Farmer Fined for Breach -- <10000 = Good Hygiene
      - Somatic Cell Count (SCC)
        
        Somatic (White Blood) Cells
        
        Limit 300,000
        
        Udder Health
        
        Cause – Mastitis, Poor Hygiene, Dirty Cows
        
        Farmer Fined For Breach - <100,000 = Good Hygiene
      - Antibiotics
        
        Limit - 0 mg/l
        
        Withdrawal period breach
        
        Cause – Cow with antibiotics in blood (Treating Mastitis)
        
        Bacteria developing AMR. Farmer fined for Breach
      - Thermoduric Bacteria
        
        Heat Resistant Bacteria
        
        Limit - 500 cfu/ml
        
        Cow Hygiene
        
        Cause – AMR, Poor Hygiene, Dirty Cows
        
        Can withstand pasteurisation = Food spoilage
    - - Maintain clean housing, dairy parlour and yard.
      - Lime Cubicles  Increase pH, Decrease Bacteria Numbers
      - Disease control programme.
      - Wash Routine - the cow’s udder and teat before milking.
      - Check for mastitis – California Milk Test (CMT)
      - Treat mastitis with antibiotics.
      - Teat dip after milking.
      - Filter milk.
      - Hot Wash the bulk tank and milk line regularly.
      - Refrigerate milk at 2–4°C in the bulk tank.
      - Wear Gloves – Prevent bacteria Spread
  - - - Milk Between Spring and Autumn (Not Contracted) Dry Over Winter (Quality)
        
        Grass Based, Low Concentrates
        (Paddock Grazing)
        
        Average Yield, High Solids – Protein, Butterfat (British Friesen, Jersey)
        
        (A+B-C) System – Lower Price 30/L
        
        Butter, Cheese, Yoghurt, Infant Formula, Milk Powder
        
        Housed when grass volume and weather is poor.
        Generally only housed over winter.
- - - - Higher concentration of fat and protein (Baby Milk Formula)
      - Higher level of unsaturated fatty acids (Health)
      - Higher Vit. A and D (Sunlight)
      - Higher in Beta-carotene (Yellow Cheese)
      - Greater Taste/Colour
    - - Lowest Carbon Footprint 1 Kg CO₂ eq/ Kg of Milk
        Lowest Methane Levels
        
        High Grass Diet (Low TMR in Diet)
        
        EBI/Genomics – Used to breed efficient cows
        
        Low Concentrates in Diet = Lower Methane Emissions
        
        Additives in Diet – Seaweed
        
        Less concentrates imported
        
        Less Silage Manufacture (Machinery, Plastic)
  - - - Use High EBI efficient Cows – Reduce GHG emissions + increase production
      - Use Protected Fertilisers – Less Emissions Released
      - Reseeding/Extended Grazing – Decreases need for Fertiliser – Reduces Emissions
      - Low Emission Slurry Spreading (LESS) - Reduces Ammonia Emissions
      - Soil Management – Drainage, Lime Application –
      - Increase Nutrients Available – Less Fertiliser
      - Reduces Concentrates – Less Concentrates
      - Clover in Grassland – Increases Nitrogen for Grass - Reduce Fertiliser Emissions
    - - reducing or limiting the environmental impact of intensification.
- - - - High DMD Leafy Grass - Increases Yield/Protein
        Fibre - increase yield, protein and Bfat.
    - - heifer will give a peak yield of 70–75 percent of a mature cow’s peak yield.
    - - Milk yield increases with age.
  - - - High Quality Grass Volume if possible  Strip Grazed – Prevent Grass Tetany
      - High Quality Silage (70% DMD)
      - 2-4 Kg of Concentrates Daily
      - Supplement Calcium – Milk Fever
      - Supplement Magnesium – Grass Tetany
      - Effect of Negative Energy Balance
        
        Reduce Milk Output
        
        Poor fertility – Cow wont Cycle
        
        Longer Calving Interval – Less Profit
        
        Higher Risk of Infection/ Disease – Milk Fever
  - - - Increases Conception Rate
        Maintains Peak Yield.
    - - Leafy Grass (Provides Protein/Energy)
      - No Concentrates
      - Paddock Grazing
      - Cow Monitored for Heat Detection
        
        Heat Detection is difficult:
        
        Silent Heats – unannounced heats, cows show no signs of heat
        
        Signs of heat can be difficult to identify
        
        Timing of heats can be difficult to identify
        
        Missing Heats/Mis-Timed AI
        
        Cost of AI
        Shorter Lactation (Low Milk Yield the following Year) – Profit Loss
  - - - Increase BCS of younger, thinner cows
        Reduce Labour
    - - Prevent poaching of wet land
        Clean out Paddocks
    - - Maintain BCS
      - Prevent Grass Tetany
      - Keeps cows clean (Milk Hygiene)
    - - Dry Period – 40-60 Days
        
        Cows are dried off based on:
        
        BCS – Thinner cows need more time to regain BCS
        
        Calving Date
        
        High SCC  Infection in udder
        
        Health Issues
        
        Culling of Cow
        
        importance/advantages
        
        Allows time for the tissue of the udder to repair itself
        
        Maximises Next Lactation
        
        Regain body condition
        
        Completes the development of the calf
        
        Cow can be treated with dry cow treatment for mastitis.
      - Dry Cow Management/Diet:
        
        Hay/Straw – High DM forage to reduce milk production
        
        High Quality Silage and concentrates – Increase LWG
        
        BCS – 3.25 at Calving
        
        Dose Cows – Reduce Fluke/Worm - Increase LWG
      - Drying off Involves:
        
        Alcohol Wipe – Kill of External Bacteria
        Antibiotic Dry Cow Tube – kill of bacteria present within the Udder.
        Teat Sealer – Prevent infection from bacteria
      - Housing
        
        Must Be
        
        Well Ventilated
        
        Adequate Feed Space
        
        Clean Water
        
        Cleaned Regularly
        
        Cubicle
        
        rubber matted for lying – Increases LWG and Milk production
        
        Limed – limit bacteria growth
        
        grouped based on
        
        Age
        
        BCS
        
        Calving Date
        
        Slatted
        
        Positives
        
        Labour Efficient
        
        Higher LWG and Milk Production
        
        Source of Slurry
        
        Negatives
        
        Expensive to build
        
        Not Suitable For Calving
        
        Increased Disease Risk
        
        Bedded
        
        Advantages
        
        Used for Calving
        
        Cheaper
        
        Source of FYM
        
        Negatives
        
        Labour Intensive
        
        Higher Mastitis Risk
        
        Dependant on Straw/Peat
- - - - Pressure sensitive chamber with red dye, which is activated by standing heat behaviour.
    - - monitoring cow
        
        behavioural patterns
        
        temperature,
        
        optimum insemination time
        
        cow health status
        
        Expensive
    - - Tail Paint : thin strip of paint applied to the top of the cow’s tail
        If the cow is mounted – a clear sign of oestrus – the thin strip of paint will be rubbed off
    - - Bull cannot produce sperm
      - Follows and identifies cows in heat and marks them with paint.
      - Known as “Teaser Bull”
    - - Bull to inseminate any cows empty after AI.
        
        Easy Calving
        
        Short Gestation
        
        High LWG
        
        Good FCR
        
        Improve Conformation
        
        High Calf Sale Value
  - - - Bull v Bull under same conditions
    - - Calf V Calf under same conditions
    - - Used to Select Bulls to:
        
        Improve Fertility
        
        Improve Yield/Solids
        
        Replacement Heifers
        
        Improve Health
        
        Increase Protein %
      - Sub - Index
        
        Milk Solids
        
        Calving Ease
        
        Fertility
        
        Calving Ease
      - Economic Breeding Index
- - - - Energy Source
      - Heat Source
      - Antibodies against disease
  - - - Impact of Poor Calving Interval
        
        Longer intervals = Longer dry = Less Time producing milk = Less Income
        
        Longer intervals = Longer Dry = Longer feeding period = Higher Cost
        
        Longer Intervals = More AI/Bull = Higher Cost
        
        Each day slippage in calving date reduces net profit by €3.81 per cow per day.
        
        Total cost amounts to €57.50 per heat missed
    - - Syncing Cow Cucle
        
        CIDR
      - Breed
      - Bull Gestation
      - Nutriton
    - - Fertility – Low fertility = Longer CI
      - BCS – High/Low BCS = Difficulty getting in calf
      - Breed/Genetics – Holstein breed puts too much energy in milk not in fertility
      - Diet – poor diet = low BCS = Low Cycling Rate
      - Health – Cow health will reduce cow cycling
    - - measuring the fertility performance
    - - Genetics– Choose high Fertility bulls/Cows with better reproductive performance = Shorter CI
      - Short Gestation Bulls – Calves carried less than 288 days = Shorter CI
      - BCS/Diet – Manage diet to increase energy -> Easier for cows to go in calf = Shorter CI
      - Health - Vaccinate/Dose to prevent disease = Better Health = Higher Fertility = Shorter CI
      - Heat Detection – Use Heat aids or bull – Higher chance of cow pregnant = shorter CI
  - - - Poor Lactation Yield
      - Poor Fertility (Poor Conception)
    - - Milk Fever
      - Calving Difficulties
      - Ketosis (High energy use and low energy feed intake)
- - - - Symptoms
        
        Failure to thrive
        
        Low Milk Yield
        
        Low FCR
      - Cure
        
        Dose Animals
      - Prevention
        
        Dose Animals
        
        Fence Off Wet Areas
        
        Drain Land
        
        Biological Control – Ducks/Geese eat Mud Snail
      - Cause - Mud Snail carries fluke, ingested by cow and travels to stomach/liver - Common in wet areas
  - - - Ringworm
        
        Cause: Fungus
        
        Transmission
        
        Indirect Contact
        
        Direct Contact
        
        Symptoms
        
        Circle Patches of Hair Loss
        Scab or Raised skin
        
        Treatment
        
        Antifungal Cream
        Stockholm Tar
        
        Prevention
        
        Vaccinate
        
        Disinfect Housing
        
        Hang Holly
  - - - Disease of National Importance
      - Highly Contagious
      - Cause huge economic loss
      - Decrease Productvity
      - Pose Threat to Human Life
      - Tuberculosis
        
        Cause: Bacteria
        
        Transmission
        
        Bacteria spread through herd – Direct
        
        Milk and Colostrum
        
        Symptoms
        
        Swollen Lymph nodes
        
        Failure to Thrive
        
        Weight Loss
        
        Poor Milk Yield
        
        Treatment
        
        No Treatment
        
        Tested Yearly
        
        Positives are REACTORS and are culled.
        
        Herd Closed for 60 Days
        
        Prevention
        
        Biosecurity
        Operate Closed Herd system
      - BVD
        
        Cause: Viral
        
        Transmission
        
        Saliva, Blood, Milk, Faeces
        Calves born with BVD are Permanently Infected (PI), they shed the virus.
        
        Symptoms
        
        Diarrhoea
        
        Respiratory Problem
        
        Immunosuppressant : Weakens Immune System
        
        Treatment
        
        No Treatment
        
        Calves Tested
        
        Positives Culled
        
        Prevention
        
        Biosecurity
        
        Operate Closed Herd system
        
        Vaccinate Cows
  - - - Cause: Low levels of Blood Calcium
      - Symptoms
        
        Staggers
        
        Tremors
        
        Listlessness
        
        Death
      - Treatment
        
        Calcium Injection into blood
        
        Calcium Bolus
      - Prevention
        
        Supplementation of Calcium (Lick, Bolus, Dust)
        Concentrates with Cal/Mag
    - - Cause
        
        Low levels of Blood Magnesium
        Lush Grass Low in Magnesium
      - Symptoms
        
        Staggers
        
        Tremors
        
        Listlessness
        
        Death
      - Treatment
        
        Magnesium Injection into blood
      - Prevention
        
        Supplementation of Calcium (Lick, Bolus, Dust)
        
        Concentrates with Cal/Mag
        
        Grass Management
  - - - Maintain a closed herd
      - Isolate all purchased animals on arrival at your farm for 28 Days
      - Fence off perimeter of farm
      - Do not use colostrum, milk or slurry from neighbouring farms
      - Disinfectant points at entry to the farm
      - Use AI of disease free status
- - - - Milk – 6600 L/Yr
      - Protein – 3.3%
      - Butterfat – 4.1%
      - Pos – Good Fertility
        Neg – Long Gestation
  - - - Milk – 8000 L/Yr
      - Protein – 3.1%
      - Butterfat – 3.9%
      - Pos – High Yield
      - Neg
      - Poor Fertility
      - Poor Health
      - Huge Diet Requiremen
  - - - Milk – 5500 L/Yr
      - Protein – 3.8%
      - Butterfat – 5.4%
  - - - Higher milk yield than Jersey
      - Higher milk solids than Holstein
      - Higher Fertility
      - Better feet
      - Lower Feed Intake
      - exhibit hybrid vigour.
- - - - One Person operation – Cows rotate
      - Cows Enter and Exit Automatically
      - High Through Put
    - - High Cost
        Suits Large Herds Only
  - - - Automatically Cleans Udders
      - Milk Recording
      - Monitors Daily SCC, Health and Breeding
      - Labour Extensive
      - Cows choose when they need to be milked
    - - High Initial Cost
      - Farm Layout Adapted to suit machine
      - Cows take time to adapt
  - - - Parlour – close to cubicle sheds/grazing platform/calf sheds/Meal Bin
      - Space for Milk Collection
      - Space for silage close to sheds
      - Cattle Handling facility beside outrun from parlour
      - Calving Area – Close to parlour
    - - Slurry Storage
        Space for 16 weeks +
      - Buffer/Riparian Zones
        Area around farm left to absorb nutrient run-off/spillage
      - Habitat
        Hedgrerows around farm – Provide shelter/space for nature
    - - Safety Signs
      - Lighting
      - Reflective Clothing
      - Fencing
      - Prevent children entering
      - Around slurry pit/lagoons/water courses
      - Adequate fencing for livestock
      - Bale Stacking
      - Chemicals in sealed/locked containers
      - Slurry Gas
      - Correct/Maintained Handling Facilities
      - Escape Routes
      - Calving/Bull Danger
- - - - High Yielding, Low Solids (Holstein)
        
        Higher Price – Contract + (A+B-C) > 40 C/L
        Premium Payed for production Cost
        
        Liquid Milk
        
        Mostly Housed Indoors All Year Round