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How do tectonics develop into disasters - Coggle Diagram
How do tectonics develop into disasters
Impacts of tectonics
LIC- Nepal 2015
Social impacts
9000 deaths
22000 injured
Rural villages destroyed
UNESCO heritage site destroyed in Katmandu
11 people killed at base camp Mt Everest (avalanche)
Economic impacts
Gov had to pay £10bn in damages
Rural villages destroyed
Short term loss of revenue from tourism industry
Environmental impacts
Destruction of forests due to pyroclastic flows
NEE - China 2010
Social impacts
87,500 dead, 375,000 injured
Widespread destruction of buildings
At least 5 million homeless
Many causalities caused by aftershocks in following days, weeks and months
Economic impacts
$150 billion worth of damage
Stock exchanges had to stop operating
Roads/highways collapsed
Millions of livestock were killed
HIC- Chile 2010
Social imapcts
500 deaths
Blackout that affected 93% of the population
Felt by 80% of the population
Economic impacts
370,000 homes damaged
Economic costs of $15-30 billion to Chile, and $67 million to Japan (fishing in Tôhoku)
Inequality leading to vulnerability and resilience
Level of development
Nepal (less developed) 7.5 on richter scale had worse impacts than Chile (more developed) 8.8
Increasing risk
Population growth
Urbanisation and urban sprawl
Demographic (Very young or old population)
Inadequate infrastructure
Knowledge on hazards
Resilience on power, water and communication system
Poor healthcare system
Mitigating risk
Warning and emergency response
Government disaster assistance programs
Eg Japan disastrer prevention day- prepares people in the event of hazard how to react and stay safe
Scientific understanding
Hazard engineering
Insurance
Governnace and geographical factors influence vulnerabily and resilience
Governance
Meeting basic needs- food supply, water supply and health needs are met the population is physically more able to cope with disaster
Land-use planning- reduce risk by preventing habitation on high risk slopes, areas prone to hazards
Environmental managment- Secondary hazards, such as landslides, can be made worse by deforestation. The right monitoring equipment can warn of some hazards, such as lahars.
Prepardness- programs to raise awareness and teach people how to react
Corruption- using money for hazard management for other things, allwoing unsafe buildings for bribes
Eg. Turkey earthquake 1999 gov blamed for high death toll due to unsafe buildings
Governments that are open, with a free press and media, can be held to account, increasing the likelihood that preparation and planning take place.
Geographical factors
population density: highly populated areas may be hard to evacuate
eg, Mt Vesuvius in Italy, and are likely to be hit harder by an earthquake
degree of urbanisation: when cities are struck by major earthquakes, death tolls can be high because of the concentration of at-risk people.
such as the 1995 Kobe earthquake in Japan or Haiti in 2010
isolation and accessibility: often rural areas are hit less hard than urban areas by the initial impact of the disaster, but isolation and limited access can slow the rescue relief effort
Hazard context
LIC- Haiti
Decades of corrupt, ineffective and brutal governance left Haitian people hugely vulnerable because of slum housing, ineffectual water supply and endemic poverty. A post-earthquake cholera epidemic has killed more than 10,000 people and infected more than 800,000.
160,000 deaths
1.5 million homeless
250,000 homes destroyed
NEE - China
69,000 deaths
375,000 injured
Economic costs of $140 billion
Economic losses in China were high, reflecting its development progress since 1990, as it destroyed formal homes, businesses and infrastructure. The immediate response was rapid because the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games were only months away, so the Communist government mobilised the army and other responders rapidly.