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Attachment - Coggle Diagram
Attachment
What is Attachment?
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The relationship is reciprocal, which means its a two way relationship
Reciprocity - A description of how two people interact. Mother-infant interaction is reciprocal in that both infant and mother respond to each signals and each elicits a response from the other
Interactional synchrony - Mother and infant reflect both the actions and emotions of the other and do this in a synchronised way
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Animal studies
Lorenz - imprinting
Lorenz first observed the phenomenon of imprinting when he was a child and a neighbour gave him a newly hatched ducking that then followed him around
Procedure: Lorenz set up a classic experiment in which he randomly divided a cluster of goose eggs. Half the eggs hatched with the mother goose in their natural environment. The other half hatched in an incubator where the first moving object they saw was Lorenz.
Findings: The incubator group followed Lorenz everywhere, whereas the control group who hatched in the presence of their mother followed her everywhere.
When the 2 groups were mixed up the control group continued to follow the mother and the experimental group followed Lorenz
Imprinting - Bird species that are mobile enough at birth attach to and follow the first moving object they see.
Lorenz identified a critical period in which imprinting needs to take place. Depending on the species this can be as brief as a few hours after birth/hatching. If imprinting does not occur within that time Lorenz found that chicks do not attach themselves to a mother figure
Harlow - contact comfort
Harlow observed that newborn rhesus monkeys kept alone in a bare cage usually died but they usually survived if given something soft like a cloth to cuddle
Procedure: Harlow tested the idea that a soft object serves some of the functions of a mother. In one experiment he reared 16 baby monkeys with two wire model 'mothers'. In one condition milk was dispensed by the plain wire mother whereas in a second condition the milk was dispensed by a the cloth covered mother
Findings: It was found that the baby monkeys cuddled the soft object in preference to the wire one and sought comfort from the cloth one when frightened regardless of which one dispensed milk. This showed that the 'contact comfort' was of more importance to the monkeys than food when it came to attachment behaviour
Animal studies - studies are carried out on non-human animal species rather than on humans, either for ethical or practical reasons.
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Attachment behaviours
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Secure-base behaviour - even when we are independent of our attachment figures we tend to make regular contact with them. Infants display secure-based behaviour when they regularly return to their attachment figure while playing
Stranger anxiety - the distress that babies experience when they meet or are left in the care of people who are unfamiliar to them
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