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TOPIC 3: PERCEPTION & THE SELF IN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION - Coggle…
TOPIC 3: PERCEPTION & THE SELF IN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
PERCEPTION IN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
PERCEPTION
INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION
A continuous series of processes that blend into one another
An active process & influences your
communication choices
The process by which we become aware
of objects, events, & people around us
5 STAGES OF PROCESS
STIMULATION
Engage in selective perception, a general term that includes:
SELECTIVE EXPOSURE
Expose yourself to people/messages that will confirm your existing belief, contribute to your objectives/proves satisfying in some way
SELECTIVE ATTENTION
Attend to things that you anticipate will fulfill your needs/will prove enjoyable
EXAMPLE:
Daydreaming
Your sense organs are stimulated
ORGANIZATION
You organize the information your
sense pick up
People organize their perceptions
are by:
RULES
RULE OF PROXIMITY
Things that are physically close to each other are perceived as a unit
RULE OF SIMILARITY
Things that are physically similar belong together
RULE OF CONTRAST
Things that are different from each other do not belong together
SCHEMATA
You develop schemata from your own experience
Mental templates that help you organize the millions of items of information you come into contact with every day & those you have in memory
SCRIPT
An organized information about some action, event or procedure
A general idea of how some event should play out, the rules governing events & their sequences
A type of schema, but because it’s a different type
INTERPRETATION-EVALUATION
GREATELY INFLUENCED BY:
Experiences
Needs
Values & beliefs
Schemata
Scripts
Gender
The term is combined because the two processes is inseparable
RECALL
We recall information that is consistent with schema, not specific information
We fail to recall information that is
inconsistent with schema
We may recall information that drastically contradicts our schema
Accessing the information you have stored in memory
MEMORY
Stored in as “cognitive tags”
Schemas act as gatekeepers
; allow & distort certain kinds of information
You store the perceptions in your memory for later retrieval
IMPRESSION FORMATION PROCESS
Referred to person perception
Consists of a variety of processes that you go through in forming an impression of another person
Each of these perception processes has pitfalls & potential dangers
THE PROCESSES
SELF-FULFILING PROPHECY
A prediction that comes true because you act on it as if it were true
THE BASIC STEPS
You observe your effect on the person/the resulting situation & what you see strengthens your beliefs
Because you act as if the belief were true,
it becomes true
You act toward that person/situation as if that prediction/belief were true
You make prediction/formulate a belief about a person/a situation
IMPLICIT PERSONALITY THEORY
THE DISADVANTAGE
It influence our judgement in communication, makes us make the wrong judgement about others
REVERSE HALO EFFECT
You believe a person has some negative qualities, you’re likely to infer that she/he also possesses other negative qualities
HALO EFFECT
A function of the implicit personality theory
You believe a person has some positive qualities, you’re likely to infer that she/he also possesses other positive qualities
The system of rules that tells you which characteristics go together
PERCEPTUAL ACCENTUATION
You may perceive certain behaviors as indicative that someone likes you simply because you want to be liked
Lead you to perceive what you need/want to perceive rather than what is really there & to fail to perceive what you don’t want to perceive
Will lead you to see what you expect/want to see
PRIMACY-RECENCY
RECENCY EFFECT
What comes last/most recently exerts the most
PRIMACY EFFECT
What comes first exerts the most influenced
The tendency to use the early information to get a general idea about a person & to use later information to make this impression more specific
CONSISTENCY
People expect certain things to go together & other things not to go together
The tendency to maintain balance among perceptions/attitudes
ATTRIBUTION OF CONTROL
ERRORS IN ATTRIBUTION OF CONTROL
THE SELF-SERVING BIAS
Take credit for the positive & deny responsibility for the negative
OVERATTRIBUTION
The tendency to single out one/two obvious characteristics of a person & attribute everything that a person does to this one/these two characteristics
THE FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR
Occurs when assess someone’s behavior but overvalue the contribution of internal factors and undervalue the influence of external factors
INTERNAL FACTOR
The person behavior/attitude
EXTERNAL FACTORS
The environment
You'll come to feel sorry for & not blame the person if you believe the person was not in control of negative behaviors
You'll come to dislike her/him if you feel a person was in control of negative behaviors
Another way in which we form impression is through the attribution of control
THE SELF IN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
SELF-CONCEPT
THE SOURCES
OTHERS' IMAGES
The concept of looking glass self
Look at the image of yourself that others reveal to you through the way they treat you & react to you
IF OTHERS THINK HIGHLY OF YOU
You’ll see this positive image of yourself
reflected in their behaviors
IF OTHERS THINK LITTLE OF YOU
You’ll see a more negative image of yourself
reflected in their behaviors
SOCIAL COMPARISON
Comparing yourself with others, most often with your peers
You can't compare with something that is different/too much different levels as what you are achieved now
CULTURAL TEACHINGS
Provide benchmarks against which you can measure yourself
Through your parents, teachers, & the media
SELF-EVALUATION
You react to your own behavior, interpret & evaluate it
Consist of your feelings & thoughts about:
Your strengths & weaknesses
Your abilities & limitations
Your aspiration & world view
An image of who you are/the way you see yourself
SELF-AWARENES
The extent to which you know yourself
Understanding how self-concept develop will increase self-awareness
MODEL OF JOHARI WINDOW
THE ASPECTS OF SELF-AWARENESS
THE OPEN SELF
Information about yourself that you & others know
THE BLIND SELF
Information about yourself that don't know but that others do know; but of which you’re ignorant
THE HIDDEN SELF
Information about yourself that you know but others don't
know
THE UNKNOWN SELF
Information about yourself that neither you nor others know
WAYS TO INCREASE SELF-AWARENESS
Increase your open self
Will increase the likelihood
When you reveal yourself to others, your open self will increase
See your different selves
Each person with whom you have an interpersonal relationship views you differently & you’re somewhat different person to each
Actively seek information about
yourself
Listen to others
Pay close attention to the verbal & nonverbal information
You learn by seeing yourself as others do
Ask yourself about yourself
SELF-ESTEEM
A measure of how valuable you think you are
HIGH SELF-ESTEEM
Think highly of yourself
LOW SELF-ESTEEM
Tend to view yourself negatively
WAYS TO INCREASE SELF-ESTEEM
Attack self-destructive beliefs
Set the goals that you can archive
So replace the self-destructive beliefs with the more productive & positive ones
The ideas that you have about yourself that are unproductive/make it more difficult for you to achieve your goals
Seek out nourishing people
So that you can build up others’ self-esteem.
NOURISHING PEOPLE
A positive & optimistic person
NOXIOUS PEOPLE
A person who criticize & find fault with just about everything
Work on projects that will result in success
If the project does fail, recognize that
this does not mean that you’re a failure
Whenever you set the goals, make sure it's realistic & something that achievable/not beyond your capabilities
Remind yourself of your success
Remember yourself that your previous success is a step ahead to another success