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3.THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR, image, image, image, image, image, image,…

- - - - A group of Protestant nobles from Bohemia
      - expelled the Catholics and appointed a Protestant king
      - The Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (Ferdinand II of the House of Habsburg), who was also King of Bohemia, fought against them.
    - - The Emperor had the support of
        
        The King of Spain (who was also from the Habsburg dynasty)
        
        Portugal
        
        the German Catholics
      - The Protestants formed an alliance with Germany, but they were defeated.
    - - To prevent a Catholic victory
      - Lutheran King of Denmark intervened
        
        supported by England
      - United Provinces (the northern Low Countries)
        
        resumed their fight against Spain
        
        Protestants were defeated
        
        signed the Surrender of Breda in 1626
    - - After this defeat
      - German Catholics seized the opportunity to take the Protestants' possessions
      - King of Sweden came to their aid
        
        creating a greater balance of military power
      - Peace treaty was signed
        
        peace treaty was signed
        
        Protestant property would be returned
        
        Sweden would gain more power in the area
    - - After the Surrender of Breda
      - Spain and the Holy Roman Empire became much more powerful
      - This preoccupied France
        
        Although it was a Catholic state, it formed an alliance with the Protestants against the Catholic side
      - 1643
        
        French army defeated the Spanish troops at the Battle of Rocroi
    - - sign the Peace of Westphalia
        
        1648
        
        ending the Thirty Years' War.
      - Consequences of this peace treaty
        
        Spanish monarchy
        
        lost their dominance over Europe
        
        independence of the northern Low Countries was recognised
        
        Low countries
        
        became a great trading and naval power, controlling the trade routes to Asia.
        
        German states
        
        sovereignty was recognised
        
        Religious tolerance and limits on the power held by the Emperor were established.
        
        Sweden
        
        became the dominant state on the Baltic coast
        
        France
        
        obtained territories in the Holy Roman Empire
        
        became the leading power in Europe.
- - - - He made the laws and governed through decrees.
    - - who lived with him in the luxurious Palace of Versailles
    - - secretaries of state
      - police
      - mayors
        
        who represented the king in the provinces
      - magistrates
        
        judges
    - - who came from the bourgeoisie, professional status
    - - consisting of ministers who acted under the orders of a Prime Minister or Chancellor.
    - - instigating the following developments for his own benefit including, the introduction of duties and the creation of royal workshops
  - - - the king was God’s representative and everyone was accountable to him.