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Developmental Stages, Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development, Within …

- - - - An infant's primary interaction with the world is through the mouth. The mouth is vital for eating, and the infant derives pleasure from oral stimulation through gratifying activities such as tasting and sucking
  - - - ● Psyche includes:
        
        Id (a human's basic, instinctual drives);
        
        Ego (attempts to mediate between id and reality); and
        
        Superego (reflects the internalization of cultural rules usually learned from parents)
- - - - Equilibrium is then achieved through a combination of assimilation (incorporation of new information into existing schemas) and accommodation (modification of existing schemas), which both lead to adaptation.
  - - - Preoperational Stage: (2 to 7 years) A key characteristic of this stage is
        the symbolic function, which allows the child to learn through the use of mental
        images, language and other symbols that represent objects that aren’t present.
        Children during this stage engage in symbolic play and can solve problems mentally.
        
        Concrete Operational Stage: (7 to 11 years) Children are capable of performing
        mental operations using logic and abstract thinking. This allows children to classify
        and problem-solve in more sophisticated ways.
        
        Formal Operational Stage: (11+ years) During this stage, the adolescent or
        young adult is able to think abstractly, hypothetically, and in a relativistic way.
        Adolescents can develop competing hypotheses about a problem and strategies for
        testing the hypotheses. There is an increase in “thinking about thinking” and some
        return to egocentrism during this stage.
      - There are 3 achievements during this stage:
        
        Object Permanence allows the child to recognize that objects continue to
        exist even when they are out of sight. Ex: A child searches for a toy that is
        hidden under a blanket, even if the toy cannot be seen.
        
        Causality is when the child to recognize that certain events cause other
        events. Ex: A child realizes that they can use their hand to pick up and move a
        toy to a different spot.
        
        Symbolic Thought is when the child begins to use language (symbols) to
        think about actions before performing them. Ex: A child begins to understand
        that words represent an object such as a dog or cat.
- - - - Separation-Individuation Stage (5-24 months+) During separation,
        the infant begins to develop an understanding of the boundaries of self and
        they start to see their mother as a separate individual. During individuation
        the child begins to develop a sense of self.
- - - - o Object Constancy Substage (after 24 months): infant internalizes
        his/her mother and begins to understand that his/her mother still
        exists for him/her despite her absence
- - - - Identity vs. Role Confusion: (12-18 years) The adolescent’s task is to learn the
        roles that s/he will occupy as an adult while developing a sense of personal identity.
        Peer relationships help them to explore various identities. Success in this stage leads
        to fidelity where the adolescent feels comfortable with others who have varying
        values, while remaining true to her own identity. If the adolescent fails to develop a
        sense of identity, than she may feel role confusion or a weakened sense of self.
      - Intimacy vs. Isolation: (18-40 years) The task during this stage is to begin
        forming intimate relationships with other people. An individual develops
        comfortable relationships with a sense of commitment and care. Failure to develop
        intimacy can lead to isolation, loneliness, and a feeling of exclusion.
        
        Generativity vs. Stagnation: (40-65 years) The psychosocial task during this
        stage is to participate in activities that give the individual a sense of purpose such as
        a career, raising children, and creating positive changes that benefit others. If an
        adult does not feel this sense of purpose, he may then feel little connection to others
        and a sense of uselessness or rejection.
        
        Ego Integrity vs. Despair: (65-death) The psychosocial task during this stage is
        for older adults to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment and
        accomplishment. This wisdom allows for them to face the end of life and accept
        successes and failures, aging, and loss. Those who see their live