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The Self and Social Identity - Coggle Diagram
The Self and Social Identity
The social self
What makes you you?
Others are a frame of reference
Can't describe an individual in total isolation
Self-esteem
Are the beliefs we hold about ourselves really true?
Positive attitude towards self
Favourability
Self-enhancement
(Swann et al., 1989)
Bosson et al. (2000)
Self-esteem scale
Rossenberg (1965)
Social identity theory
Tajfel & Turner (1979)
Opposes realistic conflict theory
Brings together self, groups and social cognition
Social categorisation
Seeing yourself as part of a group
Everyone has a social identity - group you belong to
Categorise yourself based on gender, social class, friends etc.
Proposes group formation has three stages:
Social categorisation
Social identification
Social comparison
Social identification
Once see self as part of group, automatically perceive people as in-group or out-group
Pay attention to in-group members an adopt their values
Social comparison
Viewing social identity as superior to others
Regarding products of in-group as better than products of out-group
Leads to
prejudice
and if you have
power to influence out-group
leads to
discrimination
Models of the social self
Self concept
Seares et al. (1991)
Social Identity
British
Uni student
Psychology undergrad
etc.
Personal identity
Daughter of Bob and Val
Sister to David and Dom
Girlfriend of Sam
etc.
The layered of self
Brewer and Gardner (1996)
3 levels of analysis
Personal
Relational
Collective
The
personal level
is analysed on an
individual
level.
Basis of evaluation -
traits
Frame of reference -
inter
personal
comparison
Basic social motivation -
self-interest
The
relational level
is analysed on an
interpersonal
level
Basis of evaluation -
roles
Frame of reference -
reflection
Basic social motivation -
other's benefit
The
collective level
is analysed on a
group
level.
Basis of evaluation -
group prototype
Frame of reference -
inter
group
comparison
Basic social motivation -
collective welfare
Independent and interdependent self
Fiske et al. (1998)
Independent person
More
independent of
their social environment
emphasis on autonomy
bounded as an individual
sees themselves as an individual
emphasis on
personal
attributes and achievements
Interdependent person
More
closely linked to
their social environment
connected
social relations are oriented to the
collective
norms - other's expectations
cooperative
Self-affirmation
Self-affirmation theory
Steele (1988)
People
reduce impact of threat
to self-concept by focusing on and
affirming their competence
in other areas
Self-affirmation and stereotype threat
Cohen et al. (2009)
2yr longitudinal study
400+ school students - followed systematically
series of writing tasks
Outcome variable - performance score
Performance score separated out by differently stereotyped groups
Results
Problematic group - low performing African-American students, start out lower
Over 2 years, grades go down
African-American control group
did worse on average
negatively stereotyped
according to stereotype threat theory, don't get confirmation you could do better
Significant finding
Most difference found between AA control and AA affirmation group
Something in reflection exercises helps combat effects stereotype threat