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Spain: Dictatorship and democracy
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Spain went through a political evolution (1920-1930)
A military dictatorship was followed by a perios of democracy with the establishment of the 2nd republic
A civil war brought the triumph of a new dictatorship and the collapse of the democratic system
The dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
In 1923
General Miguel Primo de Rivera led a military coup
he established a right-wing dictatorship
he claimed that only a dictatorship could put an endo to the problems ehich had emerged during the reign of Alfonso XIII
Alfonso XIII nerabeek edozer egiten dute talde honetan sartzeko
socialist trade unions hoped Primo de Rivera would introduce social and labour reforms
Domestic policy
the Patriotic Union became the official party of the dictatorship
Its objective was to re-establish order by eradicating terrorism, nationalism and suppressing demonstrations
Foreign policy
the dictatorship won a definitive victory in the war in Morocco after the success of the landing of Spanish troops at Alhucemas
the air force, navy and ground troops staged a coordinated attack
This victory increased the dictatorship's prestige
The economy
a plan was implemented to build large public works, such as hydroelectric power stations, reservoirs and canals, roads, ports and railways
State monopolies were also set up
Compañía Telefónica (1924)
CAMPSA (1927)
From 1928 onwards
Primo de Rivera's dictatorship faced growing opposition
opposition from the army because he decreed a new promotion system based on merit rather than seniority
Political parties opposed him because they wanted to restore a parliamentary system
The second Spanish republic
The Second Republic divided into three periods
the left-wing or reformist biennium,
the centre-right biennium
Popular Front
The left-wing or reformist biennium (1931–1933)
the government was made up of republicans from various political parties
Niceto Alcalá Zamora was named president of the Republic, and Manuel Azaña became head of the government
One of the first measures they carried out was to write a new Constitution (1931)
many reforms were made this year
territorial reform
military reform
agricultural reform
Labour reform
educational reform
The centre-right biennium (1933–1936)
Elections were held and the centre-right parties won, establishing a conservative government
The president of the Republic, Niceto Alcalá Zamora, named Alejandro Lerroux
strike: octover revolution
Asturias
social revolution
the miners took control of the coalfields and proclaimed a revolutionary government
Cataluña
political revolution
president of the autonomous community, Lluis Companys, proclaimed a Catalan state
The Popular Front (1936)
Left-wing parties formed a coalition called the Popular Front
Manuel Azaña became the president of the Republic, and Casares Quiroga
The agricultural reforms were resumed, with new expropriations and the statute of autonomy of Cataluña was re-established
The Spanish civil war
The civil war was a military conflict which took place between 1936 and 1939
The result of the war was that the government of the Republic was replaced with a dictatorship led by Franco
Reasons for the outbreak of the war
On 17 July 1936, the most conservative and anti-republican section of the army rebelled in Morocco against the government of the Republic
The aim of the rebellion
to end of public disorder
to end left-wing government reforms
re-establish the political and social order
The development of the war
March to Madrid
the Nationalists, led by General Franco, tried to occupy Madrid, the seat of the Republican government
they were defeated in the battles of Jarama and Guadalajara
Northern campaign
next objective for Franco was to take Asturias, Cantabria and País Vasco
had received its statute of autonomy in 1936
Battle of the Ebro
the Republicans began the battle of the Ebro in order to stop the Nationalist advance towards Cataluña
Franco won the battle and in 1939 he entered Barcelona
The end of the war
the Nationalist army took Madrid and on 1 April 1939, the war ended
The consequences of the civil war
Political
an authoritarian regime was set up
Economic
Agricultural and industrial production fell by 25% and many people were living in extreme poverty
Demographic
half a million Spanish people died during the civil war, reducing the population drastically
Cultural
ideological repression was implemented through education and culture
The two sides and international support
The military rebellion of 18 July 1936 turned into a civil war because of the Republican resistance to the uprising
The republicans
Stalinist USSR supported a workers' revolution. Their help was limited however; they provided advisers, planes and military equipmen
The International Brigades were military units of voluntary civilian anti-fascists from various European countries and from the United States
Mexico sent food and healthcare supplies
The Nationalists
Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, because of the similarity of their ideologies
Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, because of the similarity of their ideologies
