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Authoritarianism and totalitarianism
info
In Germany, Italy and the USSR
authoritarian dictartoship came to power
In these regimes, power was concentrated in the hands of a supreme leader
one ruling political party. In some cases, these evolved into totalitarian regimes
factors that contributed to the rise of A/T
The First World War had established habits of military organisation such as a chain of command and comradeship
The war had aroused nationalist feeling (defending the nation from foreign threats)
The power of the state increased with state intervention in economy and society during the crisis of 1929
New parties were formed that represented the working masses, who were discontented due to unemployment
Characteristics
Politics
the government was an authoritarian dictatorship
Foreign policy
these regimes pursued an expansionist foreign policy to gain new territories and new markets and raw materials
Economy
the state intervened in and controlled the economy
Society
all the classes of society supported the regime because they were controlled by the state and they believed that this system provided a solution to their problems
The USSR: Stalinism
what was it?
Stalinism was the system of totalitarian government which was established in the USSR
fter Lenin's death in 1924, Joseph Stalin eliminated all possible political rivals and took control of the Communist Party
Stalin's goverment characteristics
All political power was held by Stalin.
approved the Constitution of 1936, which granted citizens' rights such as universal suffrage
maintained the CPSU as the only political party and used propaganda and repression to impose his dictatorship
tried to spread communism across Europe through the Komintern
The economy was planned and controlled by the state
collectivisation of land by expropriation of property by force and forced obligation
nationalisation of existing industries and investment in and creation of heavy industry
the construction of hydraulic works to increase the production of electricity needed to supply industry
Stalin aimed to establish social equality
guaranteeing healthcare, education and housing for all citizens.
there were differences between the governing elite, with high incomes, and the rest of the population, living on a minimum wage
Italian Fascism
what was fascism?
was the system of authoritarian government established
by Benito Mussolini in Italy when he became head of the government in 1922
The constitutional monarchy of Victor Emmanuel III was badly affected by the post-war economic crisis
The situation led to the creation of the Fasci, volunteer militias, who with the support of the business owners, helped maintain order in the streets
In 1919, following their success, Benito Mussolini created the first Fasci combat groups (Blackshirts)
In 1921
Mussolini formed the National Fascist Party
rustrated by the government's inability to end social unrest, Mussolini led the March on Rome, which forced the government to step down.
Mussolini transformed the democratic state into a dictatorship with the following measures
In politics
he transferred all power to himself. He was the leader of the only political party, head of the government and head of the army
All other parties were prohibited and he persecuted those who opposed his regime
Economy
Government intervention in the economy was established, particularly after the economic crisis of 1929
Mussolini's social policies
put an end to the unrest because he removed workers' rights
He indoctrinated the population through the education system
Nazi Germany
What was it?
was the system of dictatorship established by Adolf Hitler in Germany
He was known as Führer
It was a totalitarian regime which replaced the Weimar Democratic Republic.
The triumph of totalitarianism in Germany can be explained by the humiliation Germans felt over the territorial and economic conditions
In 1921
Adolf Hitler became the leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSGWP)
They used the SS, a paramilitary group, to attack the opposition, especially workers' parties.
Their political programme was based mainly on the rejection of the Treaty of Versailles
Their political programme was based mainly on the rejection of the Treaty of Versailles
He adopted the following measures
In 1934
he was proclaimed head of state, and he established the Third Reich
Nazi Party became the only legal political party and persecuted anyone who opposed
In foreign policy, Hitler began an expansionist policy to recover German territories lost in the First World War
There was great economic development
Unemployment fell due to a programme of public works and the development of the arms industry
Hitler believed that the German Aryan race was superior to other races. He was extremely anti-Semitic
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