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Authoritarianism and totalitarianism, image, image, image, image, image,…
Authoritarianism and totalitarianism
regimes
WW1 established habits of military organisation
chain of command
comradeship
soldiers found difficult adapting to normal life after returning
aroused nationalist feeling
defending the nation from foreign threats
reinforced by
economic crisis of 1929
implementation of protectionist policies.
power of the state increased
state intervention in economy/ society
never happened before
New parties
represented the working masses
discontented
low wages
land distribution
unemployment
democracies and authoritarian regimes
differences between authoritarian ideologies
left-wing totalitarian regime
power in the USSR
anti-nationalist /capitalist
create a classless communist society
state controlled/ planned economy
Right-wing authoritarian regimes
power in Germany +Italy
nationalist
rejected communist ideology of classless society
differences
Italian fascism
Victor Emmanuel III (head of state)
emocratic state =dictatorship
measures
economy
Government intervention
autarky was set up
nationalised
arms industry
mines
large scale public works projects begun
Mussolini's social policies
end the unrest removing workers' rights
right to union
right to strike
indoctrinated population through education system
teacher sweared loyalty to regime
increased the birth rate
offering subsidies to large families
politics
transferred all power to himself
leader of the only political party
head of government
head of army
Parliament replaced by Chamber of Fascists
supporters of the regime
foreign policy
Italian expansion
Ethiopia
Abyssinia
system of authoritarian government
Benito Mussolini
head of government in 1922
National Fascist Party (1921)
frustrated by government's inability to end social unrest
led the March on Rome
forced the government to step down
king asked to form a government
constitutional monarchy baddly affected
economic crisis
worse by inflation
continual social unrest
strikes and protests
workers +peasants' trade unions.
combat groups (Blackshirts)
volunteer militias (FASCI))
maintain order in the streets
support of business owners
Benito Mussolini
paramilitary group
ultranationalist ideology
socialist parties and trade unions
Nazi Germany
system of dictatorship
Adolf Hitler
Führer (leader)
totalitarian regime
triumph of totalitarianism
humiliation Germans felt over
territorial conditions
economic conditions
imposed by the Treaty of Versailles
signed the peace treaty.
high unemployment
discontent among population
hyperinflation
National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSGWP)
SS (paramilitary group)
attack the opposition
workers' parties
political programme
based on rejection of Treaty of Versailles.
1933
win elections = named Chancellor
dictatorship measures
Third Reich (1934)
head of state
Nazi party
only legal political party
persecuted anyone who opposed
foreign policy
expansionist policy
recover German territories lost in WW1
great economic development
Unemployment fell
programme of public works
development of arms industry
German Aryan race superiority
anti-Semitic
German Jews persecuted by regime
(racist towards Jews)
Public rallies
addressed his supporters
mass media to communicate
to glorify the figure of the charismatic leader
prepared with incredible attention to detail
masses of people formed perfect squares
parades that accompanied Hitler marched
visually impressive
stage with gigantic banner
showing the Nazi symbol
swastika
characteristics
Politics
government was authoritarian dictatorship
charismatic leader possessed
absolute political power
single political party
anti-democratic
with no
political parties
trade unions
free elections
citizens' rights were limited
no freedom of press
no right to meet /associate
no freedom of expression / demonstrate.
Foreign policy:
pursued an expansionist foreign policy
gain new territories
new markets
raw materials.
Society
all classes supported the regime
system provided a solution to their problems
controlled and informed by the state
Economy
state intervened and controlled economy
nationalised companies managed / exploited by the state
railways
banks
mines
Public works programmes
reduce unemployment
imports were minimalised
benefit national production
USSR: Stalinism
characteristics
political power by Stalin
approved the Constitution of 1936
granted citizens' rights
maintained CPSU (political party)
used propaganda +repression to impose dictatorship
Komintern (Third International)
spread communism across Europe
coordination of CPSU with communist parties
economy
planned /controlled by the state
means of production = state property
five-year plans
(achieve the rapid industrialisation)
objectives
collectivisation of land
by
expropriation of property by force
forced obligation of workers to cultivate land collectively
Sovkhoz
(soviet-owned farm)
land owned by state
workers were paid a wage
Kolkhoz
(collective-owned farm)
land owned by collective /cooperative
workers received part of harvest as wage
plots of land to cultivate crops
nationalisation of existing industries
investment /creation of
heavy industry
steel
iron
production of capital goods
machinery
weaponry
expense of consumer goods
textiles
electrical appliances
footwear
hydraulic works
increase electricity production
needed to supply industry
social equality
guaranteeing
healthcare
education
housing
differences between governing elite
high incomes
living on a minimum wage
people went hungry on shortages
