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Polishing Materials
Application
grinding, finishing, and polishing procedures
to remove metal particles quickly and efficiently
The form of polishing instruments also affects the rate of material removal and the surface finish.
A single type of abrasive cannot be used effectively for all types of dental materials.
Pros and Cons of Natural Abrasives
Pros
.
They are very durable and capable of lasting for over a decade or more with proper care.
Due to their strength, they can fill fairly large cavities within the teeth.
The lower expense of amalgam fillings can be a relief to patients on a budget.
Their fast hardening capability can make treatment less stressful for kids or special needs patients.
Cons
.
Mercury levels in amalgam are deemed safe by the ADA but require more of the tooth structure to be removed.
Though rare, patients with metal allergies may have a bad reaction to amalgam.
They are very noticeable, even on the back teeth, if your mouth is open wide.
Amalgam fillings may expand and contract with temperature exposure, resulting in fractures.
Some dentists no longer perform amalgam fillings in their office.
Pros and Cons of Dental amalgam
Pros
.
They are very durable and capable of lasting for over a decade or more with proper care.
Due to their strength, they can fill fairly large cavities within the teeth.
The lower expense of amalgam fillings can be a relief to patients on a budget.
Their fast hardening capability can make treatment less stressful for kids or special needs patients.
cons
.
Mercury levels in amalgam are deemed safe by the ADA but require more of the tooth structure to be removed.
Though rare, patients with metal allergies may have a bad reaction to amalgam.
They are very noticeable, even on the back teeth, if your mouth is open wide.
Amalgam fillings may expand and contract with temperature exposure, resulting in fractures.
Some dentists no longer perform amalgam fillings in their office.
Types
.
Natural abrasives: arkansas stone, chalk, corundum, diamond, emery, garnet, pumice, quartz, sand, tripoli, and zirconium silicate
From the remnants of living organisms: cuttle and kieselguhr
Manufactured abrasives (synthesized materials): silicon carbide, aluminum oxide, synthetic diamond, rouge, and tin oxide.
Function
.
Help smoothen the tooth surfaces to make it glossy and lustrous.
Removes plaque, biofilm, stains and acquired pellicle.
With the help of polishing materials, a highly polished and aesthetic appearance of the tooth could be achieved by removing bacterial plaque biofilms and extrinsic stains.
The purpose of the abrasive agent/polishing materials is to clean and to make the tooth surfaces smooth.
Principle
olishing is the process of making a rough surface smooth to the touch and glossy (mostly specular reflection of incident light). Polishing is usually performed with very-small-particle-size (submicron-size) abrasives.
To produce a smooth, lustrous surface by abrasion, successively smaller abrasive sizes must be used. Larger abrasive particles remove large amounts of material from the substrate, and smaller particles smooth out the roughness produced by the larger particles. Final polishing of a surface with a very fine abrasive produces a virtually scratch-free surface by creating a thin microcrystalline or amorphous layer on the surface of the substrate.
Definition
Polishing materials helps in the process of tooth polishing which is a procedure carried out as a part of oral prophylaxis in most dental practices. But before we do polishing, one needs to identify the type of stains and also understand the contraindications for tooth polishing.
Pros and Cons of ACRYLIC RESIN DENTURE BASES AND VENEERS
Pros
.
Good appearance
Bond to denture base so the teeth stay on the denture for longer and they don’t debond so easily
A good range of teeth available in difference shapes, sizes, and colours
Easy to repair
Cons
.
its soft tissues are quite exposed to injuries since the prothesis is wide and ir covers gums
in most cases it adversely affects the tooth enamel, as it provokes the appearance of caries.
With prolonged wear of the prosthesis, an allergic reaction to the material from which it is made may occur, since acrylic begins to release toxic substances.
Pros and Cons of resin composite restoration
Pros
.
They look more aesthetically pleasing since they match your natural tooth color and appearance.
They require less drilling, so not as much tooth structure needs to be removed.
They harden in seconds instead of days like other materials.
Cons
.
They’re more labor intensive for your dentist to place on your tooth.
You may experience some brief tooth sensitivity following the procedure.
They tend to wear out sooner than metal fillings, especially if you have heavy wear from grinding and chewing.
They may stain from frequent and/or prolonged exposure to coffee, tea, red wine and other foods with staining properties.
Pros and Cons of Procelain
Pros
.
Address worn enamel concerns since it can provide protection from tooth sensitivity
Esthetically natural and look real
Its durable and long lasting that can last up to 10-15 years
Its effective time since it has little preperation
the veneer improve overall strength of teeth by providing durable layer to outer surface
fix the gaps between teeth
promote better oral care
Cons
.
dental insurance plas cant be used and its expensive
the breakage is hard to be fixed, so it has to be replaced
itreversible because a thin of enamel have to b remove to fit veneers
Risk of tooth damage because the underlying dentin have no enamel to protect it
it have a shorter life span compared to dental crown because it is thinner
Pros and Cons of Gold Alloys
Pros
.
Low modulus of elasticity
Strength can be increased by heat treatment or cold working
High formability
Excellent biocompatibility
Good environmental stability
Can be soldered or welded
Cons
.
Low spring back
Low yield strength
Relatively expensive
Metal Indirect Fillings
Application
Base Metal Alloys
Nickel-Chromium and Cobalt-Chromium are the most common base alloys. Nickel-Chromium alloys are generally used for crowns and fixed partial dentures. More elastic Cobalt-Chromium alloys have yield strengths from around 240 MPa to 650 MPa and are used primarily for removable partial dentures.
Titanium and Titanium Alloys
Titanium and its alloys may be used for crowns, implants, and partial dental frameworks
High noble alloys
can be used for the range of restorative purposes, typically from Type 1 tooth-supported soft inlays (126 MPa), to Type 2 inlays with lower ductility (146 – 221 MPa), but also may be used for Type 3 high-stress crowns and onlays (soft 207 MPa / hard 276 MPa), and Type 4 high-stress bridges and partial denture frameworks (350 / 607 MPa).
Types
Noble
Gold
Platinum
Palladium
Iridium (Ir), Ruthenium (Ru), and Rhodium (Rh)
Base Metals
Copper
Silver
Zinc
Indium
Tin
Gallium
Nickel
Function
Indirect restoration (inlay, onlay) Crown
All metal bridges (dentures nimble)
Metal ceramic bridges (dentures
nimble)
Endodontics posts
Removable partial denture
framework (metal skeleton removable GTS)
Definition
Indirect restorations are those that cannot be fabricated inside the mouth and instead must be fabricated outside of the mouth before being placed on the affected tooth
Properties
High Noble Metalic Alloys
.
Their placment resulting in a strong, effective filling, crown or bridge.
Provide a good seal against leakage.
High corrosion resistance prevents tarnishing.
High strength and toughness resist fracture and wear.
Requires the least amount of healthy tooth structure removal.
Resistant to wear and gentle to opposing teeth.
Highly resistant to fracture.
Well-tolerated (biocompatibility).
Non Noble Base Metal Alloys
.
Used for Crowns, fixed bridges and partial dentures
Provide a good seal against leakage.
High corrosion resistance prevents tarnishing.
High strength and toughness resist fracture and wear.
Requires the least amount of healthy tooth structure removal.
Metal colors do not mimic natural teeth. Highly resistant to fracture.
High thermal conductivity may result in early post-placement discomfort from hot and cold..
Metal-Ceramic
.
Used for fixing Crowns, fixed bridges and partial dentures
Ceramic is fused to an underlying metal structure to provide strength to a filling, crown or bridge
Provide a good seal against leakage.
Very strong and durable.
Highly resistant to wear.
May show allergenic sensitivity to base metals.
Requires the least amount of healthy tooth structure removal.
High thermal conductivity may result in early post-placement discomfort from hot and cold..
Ceramic can mimic natural tooth appearance, but metal limits translucency.
High thermal conductivity may result in early post-placement discomfort from hot and cold..
Radioanatomy
Maxillary
Definition
INCISIVE FORAMEN
It is a small ovoid or round translucent area located between the roots of the maxillary central incisors.
Superior Foramina of the Incisive Canal
The superior foramina of the incisive canal are two openings located on the floor of the nasal cavity.
LATERAL FOSSA
It is a depression located just inferior and medial to the infraorbital foramen between the canine and the lateral incisor
MEDIAN PALATAL SUTURE
It is the site of fusion of the palatine processes of the maxilla.
NASAL FOSSA
The nasal fossa is a pear-shaped cavity present superior to the oral cavity.
NASAL SEPTUM
The nasal septum is a vertically placed wall that divides the nasal cavity into the right and the left nasal fossae.
ANTERIOR NASAL SPINE
The anterior nasal spine is a sharp projection of the maxilla located at the anterior and inferior portion of the nasal cavity.
INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE
The inferior nasal conchae or the inferior nasal turbinates are thin curved plate of bone extending from the lateral portion of the nasal cavity.
MAXILLARY SINUS
The maxillary sinus is present above the maxillary molar and premolar teeth and rarely extending anteriorly to the canine region.
Mandible
Definition
Mental Foramen
a radiolucent structure beneath the roots of the mandibular premolar teeth that is round in shape.
External Oblique Ridge
The outer aspect of the jaw, where the bony anterior edge of the ramus is present.
Most mandibular molar periapicals and molar bitewings have this ridge, which runs downward diagonally.
Internal Oblique Ridge
The lingual portion of the posterior mandible has a bony ridge on both sides, known as the internal oblique ridge.
Mandibular Canal
The inferior alveolar nerve and blood vessels pass through the jaw via this bone route.
Submandibular Fossa
The fossa is found on both sides of the internal oblique ridge, also known as the mylohyoid line.
Lower Border
The mandible's bottom border shows as a radiopaque band of dense cortical bone demarcating the mandible's inferior aspect.