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Epistaxis image - Coggle Diagram
Epistaxis image
Nursing interventions
Educate the at-risk patient about precautionary measures to prevent tissue trauma or disruption of the normal clotting mechanisms.
Educate the patient and family members about signs of bleeding that need to be reported to a health care provider.
Monitor for skin necrosis, changes in blue or purple mottling of feet that blanches with pressure or fades when legs are elevated
Teach the patient about measures to reduce constipation such as increased fluid intake and dietary fiber.
Inform the patient to check the color and consistency of stools.
References
Fishman J, Fisher E, Hussain M. Epistaxis audit revisited. J Laryngol Otol. 2018 Dec;132(12):1045.
Send T, Bertlich M, Eichhorn KW, Ganschow R, Schafigh D, Horlbeck F, Bootz F, Jakob M. Etiology, Management, and Outcome of Pediatric Epistaxis. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2021 Sep 01;37(9):466-470.
Kitamura T, Takenaka Y, Takeda K, Oya R, Ashida N, Shimizu K, Takemura K, Yamamoto Y, Uno A. Sphenopalatine artery surgery for refractory idiopathic epistaxis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Laryngoscope. 2019 Aug;129(8):1731-1736. [
Pathophysiology
Most nasal bleeding is anterior, originating from a plexus of vessels in the anteroinferior septum (Kiesselbach’s area).
Less common but more serious are posterior nosebleeds, which originate in the posterior septum overlying the vomer bone, or laterally on the inferior or middle turbinate. Posterior nosebleeds tend to occur in patients who have preexisting atherosclerotic vessels or bleeding disorders and have undergone nasal or sinus surgery.
Definition
is bleeding from tissues inside the nose (nasal mucus membranes) caused by a broken blood vessel
Signs and symptoms
Symptoms include bleeding from one or both nostrils and bleeding down the back of the throat with spitting, coughing, or vomiting of blood.
Prolonged or recurrent nosebleeds may cause anemia.
After a big nosebleed, dark or tarry bowel movements mean that a large amount of blood was swallowed.
Causes
A break in blood vessels in the nose, such as from an injury (blow to the nose) causes a nosebleed. Other causes include chemicals, infections, abnormal blood vessels in the nose, and diseases such as high blood pressure or bleeding disorders. The most common cause is dry nasal passages from dry air, especially in winter.
Nursing diagnosis
Risk for Bleeding